scholarly journals Wpływ globalizacji i integracji w ramach MERCOSUR na wymianę handlową produktów przemysłu samochodowego Brazylii w latach 1990–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Mirosław Wójtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Other Hand

The aim of this paper is determining the influence of the globalization and regional integration processes on the Brazilian automobile industry. The paper also contains the analysis of changes in the state’s industrial policy towards this sector and their influence on winning new foreign investments. The analysis also concerns changes in the MERCOSUR integration policy towards the automobile industry. It was observed that the changes that occurred in the Brazilian automobile industry in the years 1990–2006 are to a large extent a consequence of world-wide transformations in the sector, caused by globalization. On one hand, the changes consisted in modernizing the existing plants, and on the other hand – in emergence of completely new enterprises that aimed at global expansion on the so-called rising markets. This led to the increase in production, diversification of the assortment of available models, and the increase in competition on the Brazilian market.As for integration policy, the member states tried to postpone as long as possible complete liberalization of products trade in this industry within MERCOSUR. Owing to this, they were able to conduct individual policies in this sector, on one hand trying to maintain the barriers that protected their domestic markets, and on the other hand, trying to offer as much as possible to attract foreign investors. This led to numerous conflicts and great tension, chiefly between Argentina and Brazil, which endangered the process of economic integration. Still, the emerging problems were successfully overcome and the barriers for automobile industry trade within MERCOSUR were gradually eliminated. It was reflected in the rapid increase in car trade between the two countries in years 2003–2006.

14 Treaty Entry into Force, Exceptions, Modifications, and Terminations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salacuse Jeswald W
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
International Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Civic Organizations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Investment Treaties

This chapter discusses the entry into force, exceptions, modifications, and terminations of investment treaties. While enunciating rules of international law governing foreign investors and investments, investment treaties at the same time incorporate various devices to regulate and limit the applicability of those rules and thereby allow contracting states to mediate tensions between demands of treaty partners and of internal pressure groups, such as labour unions, local manufacturers and merchants, and civic organizations. Such devices include treaty provisions on four matters: the entry into force of the treaty; treaty exceptions; treaty modifications; and treaty terminations. States employ the first two as part of the treaty negotiating process. On the other hand, states usually employ the latter two devices as a result of their unsatisfactory experience with a treaty that has entered into force.

scholarly journals Mixing Business with Politics? The Role and Influence of the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Simon Le Quesne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
Strategic Relationships ◽  
High Level ◽  
Key Participants ◽  
Unofficial Diplomacy

<p>Since 2004, the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum (ANZLF), an annual bilateral business-led Forum, has facilitated the engagement of high level state and non-state Australian and New Zealand actors in debate, unofficial dialogue, networking, information and idea exchange. Yet very little is known about the event, who participates and what the ANZLF produces. Drawing on extensive interviews with key participants and organisations, this thesis examines the Forum’s genesis, its form and modalities, and the substance of the meetings. While the literature on “track two” diplomacy and regional integration often exaggerates the importance of business and other non-official actors in the process, evidence from the ANZLF case suggests that these participants merely promote, but do not transform trans-Tasman economic integration policy. Rather, the ANZLF has served as a tool for governments to expand their capacities and to draw on alternative resources. The ANZLF is an example of unofficial diplomacy helping governments to build strategic relationships with a variety of non-governmental actors to advance specific objectives. From a New Zealand perspective, the thesis argues the Leadership Forum has been beneficial in building relationships, networks and trust as the country engages in asymmetrical integration with Australia.</p>

Electron microscope of the 21st century

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
A.V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Industry ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost

I have been asked to talk about the future of the electron microscope by the Chairman and cannot refuse because he was one of my students. On the other hand, I do not feel comfortable with the position because there is a very poor history in science on the matter of making predictions; they are always wrong.After giving it some thought, it would seem that the best thing that I can do is to discuss some of the problems that I can see with the instruments and suggest that the solutions to these problems will slide into the next century. That puts me on safe ground and perhaps may allow me to suggest some solutions myself.To start with, one can say that the business shows every sign of being, or becoming, a mature industry. The instruments become more and more expensive every year. They become generally larger, and there is more attention given to appearances. This is very similar to the automobile industry and is at gross variance with the computer industry where the functionality increases and the cost decreases every year. In the present climate of financial support (or the lack of it), this means that fewer instruments are sold every year, and this increases the price of those that are sold.

Myths and Facts Concerning Labour Costs in Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Anna Krajewska ◽  
Stefan Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Wages

Many opinions have been expressed for years concerning labour costs in Poland. Unsurprisingly, those opinions have been far from consensus. Basically, low wages are treated as a factor increasing the competitiveness of our economy and it is argued that they constitute major proof that Poland is attractive for foreign investors. On the other hand, however, entrepreneurs and various organisations representing them have repeatedly pointed out that high labour costs in Poland are the principal cause of unemployment, growth of grey economy, and low competitiveness of the country's economy. The above problems assumed particular significance after Poland's accession to the European Union. Basing on statistical data and empirical research we try to verify some myths concerning the labour costs in Poland.

On Research of the Influence and the Countermeasures of Haze Weather Treatment on Automobile Industry Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 2763-2765
Author(s):  
Ai Qin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industry Development ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
New Energy Vehicles ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Since 2013, lots of places in China have suffered serious fogs and hazes, therefore a number of measures have been taken to alleviate the problem, especially in some big cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang. Some of the measures are targeted at automobile industry. This paper gave some suggestions about fog and haze prevention after analyzing the major causes of haze weather; meanwhile, it explained the positive influence on automobile industry. As far as automobile industry is concerned, it is necessary to issue related standards, laws and regulations as soon as possible. On the other hand, the development of new energy vehicles will help alleviate air pollution, and our purpose to avoid haze weather can be achieved.

A Puzzle of Sovereignity

1998 ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
Steven Lee
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One

National sovereignty presents a puzzle. On the one hand, this notion continues to figure importantly in our descriptions of global political change. On the other hand, factors such as the accelerating pace of international economic integration seem to have made the notion anachronistic. This paper is an attempt to resolve this puzzle. Distinguishing between internal sovereignty or supremacy and external sovereignty or independence, I investigate whether some insights from the discussion of the former can be applied to our puzzle concerning the latter. One response to the objection that the notion of internal sovereignty is inapplicable because no group in society holds unlimited political power is to distinguish between different types of internal sovereignty, such as legal and electoral sovereignty. The resolution of the puzzle lies in applying this response strategy to the objection that the notion of external sovereignty is inapplicable because no state is completely independent.

scholarly journals Single currency and regional integration in the ECOWAS region: A new estimation technique using the Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Poisson with High Dimensional Fixed Effects (PPMLHDFE).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL KOUADIO N'GUESSAN
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Currency ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Abstract The progress of regional integration in ECOWAS is leading to the desire to create an optimal monetary zone. This desire to create an optimal monetary zone is leading to a wave of divergent views on the effect and exchange rate regime of the single currency on trade. On the one hand, WAMZ countries want to adopt it with a flexible exchange rate, while on the other hand, WAEMU countries want to adopt it with a fixed exchange rate pegged to the euro. This divergence of views is at the heart of our problem. We need to analyze the effect of this currency and its flexible exchange rate regime on regional integration, more particularly the market integration of the Economic Community of West African States. Our evaluation is based on an augmented gravity model as the basic theoretical model, with the Pseudo Maximum Poisson Likelihood with High Dimension Fixed Effects (PPMHDFE) as the estimation method. This panel study is based on data from the World Bank (WDI), IMF (DOTS) and CEPII from 2009 to 2018. The question addressed by the analysis of the potential effect of sharing a single currency on integration by the ECOWAS market, allows us to arrive at two main results. (i) The potential effect of the single currency on trade is significant, robustness tests confirm the positive effect of currency sharing on trade. (ii) The flexible exchange rate has positive effects on trade. Thus, we therefore call on the political leaders of ECOWAS countries to make efforts to meet the convergence criteria and the establishment of this single currency in order to be the foundation of the single African currency, on the one hand. On the other hand, we recommend the adoption of a single currency with a variable exchange rate with a gradual approach.

scholarly journals Eatertainment and thematic restaurants in Medellin. An experiential construction for consumers from the creative and cultural industries/companies

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Melissa Cardona-Sánchez ◽  
Omar Muñoz-Sánchez ◽  
Claudia Inés Vélez-Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The City

This article focuses on understanding the symbolic and meaningful constructions that people attribute to their experiences lived at thematic restaurants in the city of Medellin (Colombia), as these are a fundamental part of the eatertainment trend, which has emerged worldwide, outstanding unpublished consumption situations that fuse gastronomy and entertainment. To this end, studies, on consumer situations related to entertainment and food were investigated, and theoretical contributions on perception, experiences, restaurants, gastronomy, leisure, symbolic constructions and social interactions were reviewed. The epistemological parameters were based on phenomenology as an eclectic current that studies experiences, whose methodology used was qualitative, with collection techniques based on interviews with consumers and restaurant’s owners. On the other hand, results showed that people are attracted to new and creative restaurants, where they can find experiences that generate added value in terms of decoration, entertainment, gastronomy and service, which is what thematic restaurants offer, and that is low in the city. This information about local consumer behaviour is not only relevant to those living in the city or country, but to future foreign investors who want to develop a thematic restaurant proposal in Medellin.

Diversity in mastic-mounted stone adzes and the use of mastic in precolonial South Africa: evidence from Steenbokfontein Cave

Antiquity ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (290) ◽  
pp. 859-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonieta Jerardino
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Limited Sample ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Archaeological Collections

Composite tools and hafted tools were used world-wide over the last 35,000 years, and possibly earlier than that (Boëda et al. 1996; Holdaway 1996). Evidence for the use of composite tools in South Africa is provided by a small number of arrows from ethnohistorical and archaeological collections (Binneman 1994; Deacon & Deacon 1999: 158–9), a handful of mounted stone artefacts, and a significant number of mastic stained stone artefacts from archaeological sites (Deacon & Deacon 1999). On the basis of the limited sample of near intact mounted artefacts found in South Africa, it appears that small scrapers were side-mounted (at almost 90° to the axis of the handle) and fixed asymmetrically by surrounding resin (Deacon & Deacon 1980: 31–2). Adzes, on the other hand, were end-mounted (on one extreme, and along the same plane, of the handle) and held by a large ovoid lump of mastic (Hewitt 1921; Goodwin & Van Riet Lowe 1929: plate 42; Sampson 1974: figure 105). From their analysis of the available material two decades ago, Deacon & Deacon (1980: 37) concluded that the size and form of the insert was determined largely by the mode of hafting.

Structure of Japan's Export Trade and its Problems

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 606-625
Author(s):  
Shigeru Fujh
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The Future ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
Export Industries

The fact that Japan started capitalization and industrialization much later than advanced countries has imparted considerable peculiarities to her economy. Japan has had to establish her manufacturing industries amidst com¬petition from advanced countries. This was the case when she first suc¬ceeded in establishing her light industries as export industries; so it has been in recent times with the exportation of chemicals and machinery, and will be in the future with the exportation of manufactured goods newly developed. On the other hand, there are many young rising nations which are speeding up their industrialization. Some of them have already succeeded in establishing their light industries as export industries, replacing the im¬ports from Japan in their domestic markets and competing with Japanese goods in world markets.

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