scholarly journals Word Form Retrieval in Spoken Word Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sunita Balbir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Young Control ◽  
Interference Task ◽  
Spoken Word Production ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Naming Latencies

<p>In the auditory picture-word interference task, participants name pictures whilst ignoring auditory distractor words. Previous studies have reported faster naming latencies when distractors are phonologically related to the target (e.g., tiger-typist) than when they are unrelated. By varying the position of overlap of the shared phonemes and the onset of the distractor, this task may provide valuable insights into the time course of phonological encoding. In the current study, participants named pictures while hearing distractor words that were: begin-related (e.g., letter-lesson); end-related (e.g., letter-otter); or unrelated to the target (e.g., letter-cabin). Distractor onsets varied from -200ms (before target) to +400ms (after target). The study was carried out in two phases: in the first phase, the task was administered to a group of 24 young control participants; in the second phase, it was administered to an individual with aphasia, NP, and a group of six older controls. Phonological facilitation effects of begin-related distractors displayed a fairly consistent pattern across the four distractor onsets for all participant groups. In almost all instances, these effects were significant but were noticeably stronger at early onsets especially around the onset of the target presentation, consistent with previous findings in the literature. Only NP showed strong begin-related facilitation effects at the latest onset. The end-related distractors however, produced somewhat different facilitation effects across the different groups. For the young controls and NP, these effects were stronger and significant at later onsets. The older controls only displayed marginally significant effects at 200ms after the target. Findings from the current study provide support for serial pattern of phoneme retrieval in multisyllabic words, in which a word‟s first syllable becomes available before later syllable(s).</p>

scholarly journals Word Form Retrieval in Spoken Word Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sunita Balbir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Young Control ◽  
Interference Task ◽  
Spoken Word Production ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Naming Latencies

<p>In the auditory picture-word interference task, participants name pictures whilst ignoring auditory distractor words. Previous studies have reported faster naming latencies when distractors are phonologically related to the target (e.g., tiger-typist) than when they are unrelated. By varying the position of overlap of the shared phonemes and the onset of the distractor, this task may provide valuable insights into the time course of phonological encoding. In the current study, participants named pictures while hearing distractor words that were: begin-related (e.g., letter-lesson); end-related (e.g., letter-otter); or unrelated to the target (e.g., letter-cabin). Distractor onsets varied from -200ms (before target) to +400ms (after target). The study was carried out in two phases: in the first phase, the task was administered to a group of 24 young control participants; in the second phase, it was administered to an individual with aphasia, NP, and a group of six older controls. Phonological facilitation effects of begin-related distractors displayed a fairly consistent pattern across the four distractor onsets for all participant groups. In almost all instances, these effects were significant but were noticeably stronger at early onsets especially around the onset of the target presentation, consistent with previous findings in the literature. Only NP showed strong begin-related facilitation effects at the latest onset. The end-related distractors however, produced somewhat different facilitation effects across the different groups. For the young controls and NP, these effects were stronger and significant at later onsets. The older controls only displayed marginally significant effects at 200ms after the target. Findings from the current study provide support for serial pattern of phoneme retrieval in multisyllabic words, in which a word‟s first syllable becomes available before later syllable(s).</p>

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of Direct Paddy Seeder in Puddled Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2745
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Ritu Dogra ◽  
Mahesh Narang ◽  
Manjit Singh ◽  
Sushant Mehan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Inclined Plate ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Different Soils

Manual transplanting, a pre-dominant practice in almost all the paddy growing areas in India, is laborious, burdensome, and has many expenses on raising, settling, and transplanting nursery. The transplanting process’s limitations motivated the replacement of conventional paddy transplanting methods. The study was divided into two phases. The first phase included laboratory testing of three levels of metering mechanisms, namely cell type (M1) with 10 cells grooved around a circular plate having a 13 cm diameter, inclined plate (M2) containing 24 U shaped cells provided on an 18 cm diameter plate, and fluted roller (M3) with 10 flutes on a 5 cm diameter shaft. The testing matrix included a missing index, multiple index, and seed damage with forward speeds (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 km/h), and pre-germination levels of 24 h soaked (P1), 24 h pre-germinated (P2), and 36 h pre-germinated paddy seeds (P3)). The second phase included selecting the best combination obtained from the laboratory study and developing a new efficient planter for the puddled field. The inclined plate metering mechanism operating at 2.5 km/h for 24 h pre-germinated seeds was reported most efficient from the first phase. Therefore, a self-propelled 8-row planter equipped with an inclined plate metering mechanism having a row-to-row spacing of 22.5 cm was developed, fabricated, and evaluated in the puddled field. The designed planter was assessed on two different soils: sandy loom (ST1) and clay loom (ST2) and at two different hopper fill levels as ½ filled hopper (F1) and ¾ filled hopper (F2). The number of plants per square meter and hill-to-hill spacing was measured. The on-field evaluation revealed that the number of plants per square meter was non-significantly affected by the type of soil but was significantly affected by hopper fill.

Electrophysiological evidence for the time course of syllabic and sub-syllabic encoding in Cantonese spoken word production

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andus Wing-Kuen Wong ◽  
Ho-Ching Chiu ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Siu-San Wong ◽  
Hsuan-Chih Chen
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Spoken Word Production ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence

OPTIMIZATION OF EMBEDDED CONTROLLERS BASED ON REDUNDANT TRANSITION REMOVAL AND FAULT SIMULATION USING K-WISE TESTS

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 647-663
Author(s):  
SEZER GÖREN
Keyword(s):  
Fault Simulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Test Suite ◽  
Hierarchical Optimization ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
State Transition Graph ◽  
Complete Test ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Redundancy Identification

This paper presents an efficient redundancy removal technique for hierarchical optimization of FSM networks. In this technique, we first remove redundant transitions from the state transition graph (STG) of the driven FSM, M2, of the cascaded network by applying a reachability analysis to the composite machine, M1 → M2, once and for all. Then, a k-wise complete test suite for M2 is generated from the new STG of the driven FSM. Redundancy identification consists of two phases. In the first phase, almost all of the detectable stuck-at faults are identified by fault simulation using the k-wise test suite. During the second phase, each fault f that is undetected by k-wise tests is injected in M2 to obtain [Formula: see text] in the topologically sorted order one by one. Then the equivalence check of two FSMs M2 and [Formula: see text] in the environment where [Formula: see text] is driven by M1 is done. If a fault is found to be undetectable in the second phase, it is a redundant fault and kept in M2 ([Formula: see text] is taken as M2). Finally, simultaneous removal of redundant faults is done at logic level. We present experimental results to provide a comparison of the data produced by the state-of-the-art FSM network optimizer and show the effectiveness of our approach.

scholarly journals Comparative Studies on Dark Adaptation in the Compound Eyes of Nocturnal and Diurnal Lepidoptera

1960 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Bernhard ◽  
D. Ottoson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Nocturnal Species ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Diurnal Species

A comparative analysis has been carried out of the time course and range of dark adaptation in the compound eyes of some common butterflies and noctuid moths (Lepidoptera). The change in sensitivity of the eye during dark adaptation was determined by measurements of the intensity of illumination necessary to elicit an electrical response of a given magnitude of the eye. It was found that the curve for dark adaptation in the diurnal species was smooth. The range of adaptive change varied in different species but usually did not cover more than 1 to 1.5 log units. In the nocturnal species the dark adaptation was found to proceed in two phases. The first phase was usually completed in less than 10 minutes and covered a range of 1 to 1.5 log units. The second phase was more prolonged and covered a range of 2 to 3 log units. In some of the experiments on nocturnal species the second phase failed to appear. Measurements of the size of the response at different intensities showed that the intensity/amplitude relationship was the same in the light-adapted eye as in the dark-adapted eye. In the nocturnal insects the response of the eye in the light-adapted condition was about 20 per cent of that in the dark-adapted eye, while in diurnal insects it was about 60 per cent.

Exploring the time course of semantic interference and associative priming in the picture–word interference task

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Sailor ◽  
Patricia J. Brooks ◽  
Paul R. Bruening ◽  
Liat Seiger-Gardner ◽  
Mark Guterman
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Associative Priming ◽  
Semantic Interference ◽  
Interference Task ◽  
Naming Latencies

The picture–word interference (PWI) task is a widely used technique for exploring effects of semantic context on lexical access. In this task, printed words are superimposed over pictures to be named, with the timing of the interfering word relative to the picture systematically manipulated. Two experiments ( N = 24 adults in each) explored the time course of effects of associates (e.g., CARROT superimposed on a picture of a rabbit) versus coordinates (e.g., CHIPMUNK superimposed on a picture of a rabbit) on naming latencies. Associates led to faster picture naming than did unrelated words, with facilitative effects occurring at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs, in ms) ranging from –450 to 0. Coordinates led to slower naming latencies, with the interference effect restricted to SOAs of –150 and 0. The overlapping time course of associative priming and coordinate interference provides important constraints on models of lexical access in speech production.

scholarly journals INDICATORI PER LAVALUTAZIONE DELLA POTENZIALITÀ TURISTICO-RICETTIVA DI EDIFICI RURALI TRADIZIONALI

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cascone ◽  
Simona M.C. Porto
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Features ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Rural Buildings ◽  
Homogeneous Area ◽  
Multicriteria Model ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Potential Use

To assess tourist potential use of traditional rural buildings two indices are determined. Indicator n. 1 regards the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the territorial context; indicator n. 2 regards the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the morphological features of the buildings. The method which aims to assess the above-mentioned indices is divided into two phases. The first phase regards the knowledge of the traditional rural buildings. Survey cards A and B allow to get information needed for the assessment of the factors which influence the two indices. The second phase provides the application of a multicriteria model which allows the assessment of the two indices. The method has been applied to six traditional rural buildings sited in a homogeneous area in south eastern Sicily. The results show that although the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the territorial context is high for almost all the considered buildings (indicator n. 1), only two buildings have a high degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the morphological features (indicator n. 2).

Gastrulation in Drosophila: the formation of the ventral furrow and posterior midgut invaginations

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sweeton ◽  
S. Parks ◽  
M. Costa ◽  
E. Wieschaus
Keyword(s):  
Cell Shape ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Posterior Midgut ◽  
Ventral Furrow ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Shape Changes

The ventral furrow and posterior midgut invaginations bring mesodermal and endodermal precursor cells into the interior of the Drosophila embryo during gastrulation. Both invaginations proceed through a similar sequence of rapid cell shape changes, which include apical flattening, constriction of the apical diameter, cell elongation and subsequent shortening. Based on the time course of apical constriction in the ventral furrow and posterior midgut, we identify two phases in this process: first, a slow stochastic phase in which some individual cells begin to constrict and, second, a rapid phase in which the remaining unconstricted cells constrict. Mutations in the concertina or folded gastrulation genes appear to block the transition to the second phase in both the ventral furrow and the posterior midgut invaginations.

Time-course of release and synthesis of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin from rat pituitary glands in vitro

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta E. Apfelbaum
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Release ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Secondary Phenomenon ◽  
Two Phases

To study the time-course of release and synthesis of LH, FSH and prolactin, anterior pituitary glands from ovariectomized rats were incubated for different time-intervals between 0 and 4 h. Comparable patterns of release and synthesis of LH and FSH as a function of the incubation time were observed. It was possible to distinguish two phases in the profiles of secretion of both gonadotrophins. During the first phase, from 0–2 h, release was associated with a corresponding decrease of the hormone concentrations within the gland but no overall changes in total LH and FSH production. During the second phase, between 2 and 4 h, a progressive reaccumulation of both gonadotrophins occurred in spite of the continuous release of hormones into the medium, reflecting formation of new immunoassayable material. These results suggest that the increased synthesis ensues as a secondary phenomenon arising from the release of the hormones from the tissue. The time-course of release and synthesis of prolactin showed different dynamics during the course of incubation. High levels of prolactin were released and synthesized when the adenohypophysis was incubated in vitro. Considerably larger amounts of this hormone were found in the medium than in the tissue from the first hour of incubation. After a lag of about 40 min synthesis of prolactin was increased in parallel with its release. This led to the assumption that both prolactin synthesizing and releasing processes occurred simultaneously from the early stages of the incubation. Comparatively, prolactin-secreting cells had a very fast and LH-secreting cells a low rate of turnover; FSH-secreting cells were intermediate between the two. These results indicate that (1) the increase in release of LH, FSH and prolactin into the medium precedes that of hormone synthesis and (2) the initial depletion of the pituitary gland as a result of hormone release could act as a stimulus for synthesis, leading to the reestablishment of hormonal storage levels.

The Sensitivity of the Ventral Nerve Photoreceptor of Limulus Recovers after Light Adaptation in Two Phases of Dark Adaptation

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Claßen-Linke ◽  
H. Stieve
Keyword(s):  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Light Flash ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Ventral Nerve Photoreceptor ◽  
External Calcium

The time course of the recovery of the sensitivity of the Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor was measured during dark adaptation following light adaptation by a bright 1 or 5 s illumination. The stimulus intensity ICR of a 300 μs light flash evoking a response of criterion amplitude (receptor potential or receptor current under voltage clamp conditions) was used as measure of sensitivity.The time course of dark adaptation shows two phases with time constants in the range of 5-9 s and 300-500 s (15 °C). Only the first of the two phases is significantly changed when the extracel- lular Ca2+-concentration is varied.The power function ICR = a·Io-tDA-b gives a good data fit for each of the two phases of dark adaptation. In the first phase the factor ax and the exponent bx are decreased when the external calcium is lowered from 10 mmol/1 to 250 μmol/1. Conversely a1 and b1 are increased when the Ca2+-concentration is raised to 40 mmol/1. For the second phase neither a2 nor b2 is changed significantly upon the changes in calcium concentration in the same experiments.The two phases of dark adaptation reflect the behaviour of the two components C1 and C2 of the electrical light response (receptor potential or receptor current). Under the conditions described here C, determines the size of the light response during the first phase of dark adaptation whereas C2 mainly influences the size of the response during the second phase.Interpretation: The fast first phase of dark adaptation is determined by the change in intracellu- lar Ca2+-concentration. The slower second phase of dark adaptation is not primarily calcium- controlled.

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