Development and Evaluation of Direct Paddy Seeder in Puddled Field

Manual transplanting, a pre-dominant practice in almost all the paddy growing areas in India, is laborious, burdensome, and has many expenses on raising, settling, and transplanting nursery. The transplanting process’s limitations motivated the replacement of conventional paddy transplanting methods. The study was divided into two phases. The first phase included laboratory testing of three levels of metering mechanisms, namely cell type (M1) with 10 cells grooved around a circular plate having a 13 cm diameter, inclined plate (M2) containing 24 U shaped cells provided on an 18 cm diameter plate, and fluted roller (M3) with 10 flutes on a 5 cm diameter shaft. The testing matrix included a missing index, multiple index, and seed damage with forward speeds (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 km/h), and pre-germination levels of 24 h soaked (P1), 24 h pre-germinated (P2), and 36 h pre-germinated paddy seeds (P3)). The second phase included selecting the best combination obtained from the laboratory study and developing a new efficient planter for the puddled field. The inclined plate metering mechanism operating at 2.5 km/h for 24 h pre-germinated seeds was reported most efficient from the first phase. Therefore, a self-propelled 8-row planter equipped with an inclined plate metering mechanism having a row-to-row spacing of 22.5 cm was developed, fabricated, and evaluated in the puddled field. The designed planter was assessed on two different soils: sandy loom (ST1) and clay loom (ST2) and at two different hopper fill levels as ½ filled hopper (F1) and ¾ filled hopper (F2). The number of plants per square meter and hill-to-hill spacing was measured. The on-field evaluation revealed that the number of plants per square meter was non-significantly affected by the type of soil but was significantly affected by hopper fill.

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Word Form Retrieval in Spoken Word Production

10.26686/wgtn.17011727.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Sunita Balbir Singh

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Spoken Word ◽

Second Phase ◽

Young Control ◽

Interference Task ◽

Spoken Word Production ◽

Two Phases ◽

Almost All ◽

Study Participants ◽

Naming Latencies

<p>In the auditory picture-word interference task, participants name pictures whilst ignoring auditory distractor words. Previous studies have reported faster naming latencies when distractors are phonologically related to the target (e.g., tiger-typist) than when they are unrelated. By varying the position of overlap of the shared phonemes and the onset of the distractor, this task may provide valuable insights into the time course of phonological encoding. In the current study, participants named pictures while hearing distractor words that were: begin-related (e.g., letter-lesson); end-related (e.g., letter-otter); or unrelated to the target (e.g., letter-cabin). Distractor onsets varied from -200ms (before target) to +400ms (after target). The study was carried out in two phases: in the first phase, the task was administered to a group of 24 young control participants; in the second phase, it was administered to an individual with aphasia, NP, and a group of six older controls. Phonological facilitation effects of begin-related distractors displayed a fairly consistent pattern across the four distractor onsets for all participant groups. In almost all instances, these effects were significant but were noticeably stronger at early onsets especially around the onset of the target presentation, consistent with previous findings in the literature. Only NP showed strong begin-related facilitation effects at the latest onset. The end-related distractors however, produced somewhat different facilitation effects across the different groups. For the young controls and NP, these effects were stronger and significant at later onsets. The older controls only displayed marginally significant effects at 200ms after the target. Findings from the current study provide support for serial pattern of phoneme retrieval in multisyllabic words, in which a word‟s first syllable becomes available before later syllable(s).</p>

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OPTIMIZATION OF EMBEDDED CONTROLLERS BASED ON REDUNDANT TRANSITION REMOVAL AND FAULT SIMULATION USING K-WISE TESTS

Journal of Circuits System and Computers ◽

10.1142/s0218126609005174 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (04) ◽

pp. 647-663

Author(s):

SEZER GÖREN

Keyword(s):

Fault Simulation ◽

The State ◽

Test Suite ◽

Hierarchical Optimization ◽

Second Phase ◽

State Transition Graph ◽

Complete Test ◽

Two Phases ◽

Almost All ◽

Redundancy Identification

This paper presents an efficient redundancy removal technique for hierarchical optimization of FSM networks. In this technique, we first remove redundant transitions from the state transition graph (STG) of the driven FSM, M2, of the cascaded network by applying a reachability analysis to the composite machine, M1 → M2, once and for all. Then, a k-wise complete test suite for M2 is generated from the new STG of the driven FSM. Redundancy identification consists of two phases. In the first phase, almost all of the detectable stuck-at faults are identified by fault simulation using the k-wise test suite. During the second phase, each fault f that is undetected by k-wise tests is injected in M2 to obtain [Formula: see text] in the topologically sorted order one by one. Then the equivalence check of two FSMs M2 and [Formula: see text] in the environment where [Formula: see text] is driven by M1 is done. If a fault is found to be undetectable in the second phase, it is a redundant fault and kept in M2 ([Formula: see text] is taken as M2). Finally, simultaneous removal of redundant faults is done at logic level. We present experimental results to provide a comparison of the data produced by the state-of-the-art FSM network optimizer and show the effectiveness of our approach.

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INDICATORI PER LAVALUTAZIONE DELLA POTENZIALITÀ TURISTICO-RICETTIVA DI EDIFICI RURALI TRADIZIONALI

Journal of Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.4081/jae.2008.4.43 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Giovanni Cascone ◽

Simona M.C. Porto

Keyword(s):

Morphological Features ◽

Second Phase ◽

Rural Buildings ◽

Homogeneous Area ◽

Multicriteria Model ◽

Two Indices ◽

Two Phases ◽

Almost All ◽

High Degree ◽

Potential Use

To assess tourist potential use of traditional rural buildings two indices are determined. Indicator n. 1 regards the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the territorial context; indicator n. 2 regards the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the morphological features of the buildings. The method which aims to assess the above-mentioned indices is divided into two phases. The first phase regards the knowledge of the traditional rural buildings. Survey cards A and B allow to get information needed for the assessment of the factors which influence the two indices. The second phase provides the application of a multicriteria model which allows the assessment of the two indices. The method has been applied to six traditional rural buildings sited in a homogeneous area in south eastern Sicily. The results show that although the degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the territorial context is high for almost all the considered buildings (indicator n. 1), only two buildings have a high degree of adaptability of the tourist use to the morphological features (indicator n. 2).

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Word Form Retrieval in Spoken Word Production

10.26686/wgtn.17011727 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Sunita Balbir Singh

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Spoken Word ◽

Second Phase ◽

Young Control ◽

Interference Task ◽

Spoken Word Production ◽

Two Phases ◽

Almost All ◽

Study Participants ◽

Naming Latencies

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Analytical Electron Microscopy Study of Second-Phase Particles in 7075 and 7475 Aluminum Alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100118618 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 348-349

Author(s):

M. Raghavan ◽

J. Y. Koo ◽

J. W. Steeds ◽

B. K. Park

Keyword(s):

Aluminum Alloys ◽

Silicon Oxide ◽

Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽

Microscopy Study ◽

Electron Microscopy Study ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Second Phase ◽

X Ray ◽

Second Phase Particles ◽

Almost All

X-ray microanalysis and Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBD) studies were conducted to characterize the second phase particles in two commercial aluminum alloys -- 7075 and 7475. The second phase particles studied were large (approximately 2-5μm) constituent phases and relatively fine ( ∼ 0.05-1μn) dispersoid particles, Figures 1A and B. Based on the crystal structure and chemical composition analyses, the constituent phases found in these alloys were identified to be Al7Cu2Fe, (Al,Cu)6(Fe,Cu), α-Al12Fe3Si, Mg2Si, amorphous silicon oxide and the modified 6Fe compounds, in decreasing order of abundance. The results of quantitative X-ray microanalysis of all the constituent phases are listed in Table I. The data show that, in almost all the phases, partial substitution of alloying elements occurred resulting in small deviations from the published stoichiometric compositions of the binary and ternary compounds.

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Accurate Detection and Quantization of Leaf- Diseases through Soft Computing

International Journal of Computational Physics Series ◽

10.29167/a1i1p236-247 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 236-247

Author(s):

Divya Srivastava ◽

Rajitha B. ◽

Suneeta Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Image Processing ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Bacterial Blight ◽

Early Stage ◽

Second Phase ◽

Computationally Efficient ◽

Stage Of Disease ◽

Accurate Detection ◽

Two Phases

Diseases in leaves can cause the significant reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural production. If early and accurate detection of disease/diseases in leaves can be automated, then the proper remedy can be taken timely. A simple and computationally efficient approach is presented in this paper for disease/diseases detection on leaves. Only detecting the disease is not beneficial without knowing the stage of disease thus the paper also determine the stage of disease/diseases by quantizing the affected of the leaves by using digital image processing and machine learning. Though there exists a variety of diseases on leaves, but the bacterial and fungal spots (Early Scorch, Late Scorch, and Leaf Spot) are the most prominent diseases found on leaves. Keeping this in mind the paper deals with the detection of Bacterial Blight and Fungal Spot both at an early stage (Early Scorch) and late stage (Late Scorch) on the variety of leaves. The proposed approach is divided into two phases, in the first phase, it identifies one or more disease/diseases existing on leaves. In the second phase, amount of area affected by the disease/diseases is calculated. The experimental results obtained showed 97% accuracy using the proposed approach.

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Representação e simbolismo: artes visuais na fronteira Brasil/Bolívia

MOTRICIDADES Revista da Sociedade de Pesquisa Qualitativa em Motricidade Humana ◽

10.29181/2594-6463.2020.v4.n3.p286-296 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 286

Author(s):

Paulo César Antonini de Souza ◽

Derick Trindade Bezerra

Keyword(s):

Visual Arts ◽

Social Order ◽

Research Field ◽

Border Region ◽

Second Phase ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Santa Cruz ◽

Cultural Conditions ◽

Two Phases ◽

America Latina

ResumoTendo por campo de investigação o Festival da América do Sul Pantanal (FASP) em 2018, na cidade de Corumbá (Brasil), objetiva-se identificar a materialidade e conceitos que permeiam as manifestações artísticas bidimensionais nesta região de fronteira, a partir da percepção de artistas da Bolívia. A pesquisa se organizou em duas fases: na primeira foi realizado um levantamento em plataformas online de produções acadêmicas em artes visuais, com foco no trabalho bidimensional, utilizando os descritores “arte popular” e “estética latina” resultando em três artigos. Na segunda fase foram selecionados dois trabalhos de uma artista da Bolívia, participante da mostra “Conexão Santa Cruz”, realizada durante o FASP 2018, que foram analisados em seus níveis representacional e simbólico. Pela interpretação das imagens foi possível construir uma leitura sobre a perspectiva da artista a respeito de suas condições culturais dentro da ordenação social em que se encontra situada.Palavras-chave: Artes Visuais. Arte Popular. Arte Regional. América Latina. Representation and symbolism: visual arts on the Brazil/Bolivia frontierAbstractHaving as research field the Festival da América do Sul Pantanal (FASP) in 2018, in the city of Corumbá (Brazil), the objective is to identify the materiality and concepts that permeate the two-dimensional artistic manifestations in this border region, from the perception of artists from Bolivia. The research was organized in two phases: in the first, a survey was carried out on online platforms of academic productions in visual arts, focusing on two-dimensional work, using the descriptors “arte popular” and “estética latina” resulting in three articles. In the second phase, two works were selected by an artist from Bolivia, participating in the exhibition “Conexão Santa Cruz”, held during FASP 2018, which were analyzed at their representational and symbolic levels. Through the interpretation of the images, it was possible to construct a reading on the artist’s perspective regarding her cultural conditions within the social order in which she is located.Keywords: Visual Arts. Folk Art. Regional Art. Latin America.Representación y simbolismo: artes visuales en la frontera de Brasil/BoliviaResumenTeniendo como campo de investigación el Festival de Sudamérica Pantanal (FASP) en 2018, en la ciudad de Corumbá (Brasil), el objetivo es identificar la materialidad y conceptos que permean las manifestaciones artísticas bidimensionales en esta región fronteriza, desde la percepción de artistas de Bolivia. La investigación se organizó en dos fases: en la primera, se realizó una encuesta en plataformas online de producciones académicas en artes visuales, con foco en el trabajo bidimensional, utilizando los descriptores “arte popular” y “estética latina” dando como resultado tres artículos. En la segunda fase, dos obras fueron seleccionadas por un artista de Bolivia, participante de la exposición “Conexão Santa Cruz”, realizada durante FASP 2018, que fueron analizadas en sus niveles representativos y simbólicos. A través de la interpretación de las imágenes, fue posible construir una lectura sobre la perspectiva de la artista sobre sus condiciones culturales dentro del orden social en el que se ubica.Palabras clave: Artes Visuales. Arte Popular. Arte Regional. América Latina.

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Development and validation of a short version of the Sarcopenia Quality of Life questionnaire: the SF-SarQoL

Quality of Life Research ◽

10.1007/s11136-021-02823-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. Geerinck ◽

C. Beaudart ◽

J.-Y. Reginster ◽

M. Locquet ◽

C. Monseur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Short Form ◽

Reduction Process ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Short Version ◽

Second Phase ◽

Life Questionnaire ◽

Quality Of Life Questionnaire ◽

Two Phases

Abstract Purpose To facilitate the measurement of quality of life in sarcopenia, we set out to reduce the number of items in the previously validated Sarcopenia Quality of Life (SarQoL®) questionnaire, and to evaluate the clinimetric properties of this new short form. Methods The item reduction process was carried out in two phases. First, information was gathered through item-impact scores from older people (n = 1950), a Delphi method with sarcopenia experts, and previously published clinimetric data. In the second phase, this information was presented to an expert panel that decided which of the items to include in the short form. The newly created SFSarQoL was then administered to older, community-dwelling participants who previously participated in the SarcoPhAge study. We examined discriminative power, internal consistency, construct validity, test–retest reliability, structural validity and examined item parameters with a graded response model (IRT). Results The questionnaire was reduced from 55 to 14 items, a 75% reduction. A total of 214 older, community-dwelling people were recruited for the validation study. The clinimetric evaluation showed that the SF-SarQoL® can discriminate on sarcopenia status [EWGSOP2 criteria; 34.52 (18.59–43.45) vs. 42.86 (26.56–63.69); p = 0.043], is internally consistent (α = 0.915, ω = 0.917) and reliable [ICC = 0.912 (0.847–0.942)]. A unidimensional model was fitted (CFI = 0.978; TLI = 0.975; RMSEA = 0.108, 90% CI 0.094–0.123; SRMR = 0.055) with no misfitting items and good response category separation. Conclusions A new, 14-item, short form version of the Sarcopenia Quality of Life questionnaire has been developed and shows good clinimetric properties.

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SWIPT in mMIMO system with non-linear energy-harvesting terminals: protocol design and performance optimization

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking ◽

10.1186/s13638-019-1378-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kui Xu ◽

Ming Zhang ◽

Jie Liu ◽

Nan Sha ◽

Wei Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Harvesting ◽

Performance Optimization ◽

Power Transmission ◽

Base Station ◽

Second Phase ◽

Wireless Power ◽

Half Duplex ◽

Non Linear ◽

Two Phases ◽

And Performance

Abstract In this paper, we design the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) protocol for massive multi-input multi-output (mMIMO) system with non-linear energy-harvesting (EH) terminals. In this system, the base station (BS) serves a set of uplink fixed half-duplex (HD) terminals with non-linear energy harvester. Considering the non-linearity of practical energy-harvesting circuits, we adopt the realistic non-linear EH model rather than the idealistic linear EH model. The proposed SWIPT protocol can be divided into two phases. The first phase is designed for terminals EH and downlink training. A beam domain energy beamforming method is employed for the wireless power transmission. In the second phase, the BS forms the two-layer receive beamformers for the reception of signals transmitted by terminals. In order to improve the spectral efficiency (SE) of the system, the BS transmit power- and time-switching ratios are optimized. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed beam-domain SWIPT protocol on SE performance compared with the conventional mMIMO SWIPT protocols.

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XCOVNet: Chest X-ray Image Classification for COVID-19 Early Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks

New Generation Computing ◽

10.1007/s00354-021-00121-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vishu Madaan ◽

Aditya Roy ◽

Charu Gupta ◽

Prateek Agrawal ◽

Anand Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Classification ◽

Second Phase ◽

Two Phase ◽

X Ray ◽

The Neural Network ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Two Phases ◽

Active Patients

AbstractCOVID-19 (also known as SARS-COV-2) pandemic has spread in the entire world. It is a contagious disease that easily spreads from one person in direct contact to another, classified by experts in five categories: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Already more than 66 million people got infected worldwide with more than 22 million active patients as of 5 December 2020 and the rate is accelerating. More than 1.5 million patients (approximately 2.5% of total reported cases) across the world lost their life. In many places, the COVID-19 detection takes place through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests which may take longer than 48 h. This is one major reason of its severity and rapid spread. We propose in this paper a two-phase X-ray image classification called XCOVNet for early COVID-19 detection using convolutional neural Networks model. XCOVNet detects COVID-19 infections in chest X-ray patient images in two phases. The first phase pre-processes a dataset of 392 chest X-ray images of which half are COVID-19 positive and half are negative. The second phase trains and tunes the neural network model to achieve a 98.44% accuracy in patient classification.

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