scholarly journals Loose Space Lexicon: Design Tactics for Facilitating Appropriation in Urban Gaps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew Bangs
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lexicon Design

<p>Wellington has an underlying network of ‘leftover’ (Cupers and Miessen) spaces awaiting activation. Their potential is masked by the deterministic view cast upon them by the wider architectural discipline. However, there has been a recent shift in thinking from a ‘top-down’ approach to one that realises the potential of what exists already – ‘from the ground up’ (Kahn). This thesis explores a tactical application of ‘Loose Space’ qualities in an effort to engage in and increase the appropriability of the individual gap. Ultimately, a set of tactics will be developed that have the potential to be applied to gaps within various contexts.</p>

scholarly journals Loose Space Lexicon: Design Tactics for Facilitating Appropriation in Urban Gaps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew Bangs
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lexicon Design

<p>Wellington has an underlying network of ‘leftover’ (Cupers and Miessen) spaces awaiting activation. Their potential is masked by the deterministic view cast upon them by the wider architectural discipline. However, there has been a recent shift in thinking from a ‘top-down’ approach to one that realises the potential of what exists already – ‘from the ground up’ (Kahn). This thesis explores a tactical application of ‘Loose Space’ qualities in an effort to engage in and increase the appropriability of the individual gap. Ultimately, a set of tactics will be developed that have the potential to be applied to gaps within various contexts.</p>

scholarly journals Characterizing biospheric carbon balance using CO<sub>2</sub> observations from the OCO-2 satellite

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scot M. Miller ◽  
Anna M. Michalak ◽  
Vineet Yadav ◽  
Jovan M. Tadic
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hemisphere Winter ◽  
Atmospheric Transport Modeling

Abstract. NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite launched in summer of 2014. Its observations could allow scientists to constrain CO2 fluxes across regions or continents that were previously difficult to monitor. This study explores an initial step toward that goal; we evaluate the extent to which current OCO-2 observations can detect patterns in biospheric CO2 fluxes and constrain monthly CO2 budgets. Our goal is to guide top-down, inverse modeling studies and identify areas for future improvement. We find that uncertainties and biases in the individual OCO-2 observations are comparable to the atmospheric signal from biospheric fluxes, particularly during northern hemisphere winter when biospheric fluxes are small. A series of top-down experiments indicate how these errors affect our ability to constrain monthly biospheric CO2 budgets. We are able to constrain budgets for between two and four global regions using OCO-2 observations, depending on the month, and we can constrain CO2 budgets at the regional level (i.e., smaller than seven global biomes) in only a handful of cases (16 % of all regions and months). The potential of the OCO-2 observations, however, is greater than these results might imply. A set of synthetic data experiments suggests that observation or retrieval errors have a salient effect. Advances in retrieval algorithms and to a lesser extent atmospheric transport modeling will improve the results. In the interim, top-down studies that use current satellite observations are best-equipped to constrain the biospheric carbon balance across only continental or hemispheric regions.

scholarly journals Character drawing style in cartoons on empathy induction: an eye-tracking and EEG study

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3988
Author(s):  
Yong-il Lee ◽  
Yeojeong Choi ◽  
Jaeseung Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Central Area ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Empathy Score ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Gamma Power ◽  
Social Empathy ◽  
The Individual

In its most basic form, empathy refers to the ability to understand another person’s feelings and emotions, representing an essential component of human social interaction. Owing to an increase in the use of mass media, which is used to distribute high levels of empathy-inducing content, media plays a key role in individual and social empathy induction. We investigated empathy induction in cartoons using eye movement, EEG and behavioral measures to explore whether empathy factors correlate with character drawing styles. Two different types of empathy-inducing cartoons that consisted of three stages and had the same story plot were used. One had an iconic style, while the other was realistic style. Fifty participants were divided into two groups corresponding to the individual cartoon drawing styles and were presented with only one type of drawing style. We found that there were no significant differences of empathy factors between iconic and realistic style. However, the Induced Empathy Score (IES) had a close relationship with subsequent attentional processing (total fixation length for gaze duration). Furthermore, iconic style suppressed the fronto-central area more than realistic style in the gamma power band. These results suggest that iconic cartoons have the advantage of abstraction during empathy induction, because the iconic cartoons induced the same level of empathy as realistic cartoons while using the same story plot (top-down process), even though lesser time and effort were required by the cartoon artist to draw them. This also means that the top-down process (story plot) is more important than the bottom-up process (drawing style) in empathy induction when viewing cartoons

scholarly journals Bordering imaginaries and the everyday construction of the Mediterranean neighbourhood: Introduction to the special issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Wesley Scott ◽  
Filippo Celata ◽  
Raffaella Coletti
Keyword(s):  
Regional Studies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Northern Cyprus ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual

This special issue of European Urban and Regional Studies maps out a move from a strictly geopolitical to more socio-political and socio-cultural interpretations of the European Union’s (EU’s) ‘Mediterranean neighbourhood’. In doing this, the authors propose a dialogic understanding of neighbourhood as a set of ideas and imaginaries that reflect not only top-down geopolitical imaginaries but also everyday images, representations and imaginations. The introduction briefly summarizes conceptualizations of ‘neighbourhood’ provided by the individual contributions that connect the realm of high politics with that of communities and individuals who are affected by and negotiate the EU’s Mediterranean borders. Specifically, three cases of socio-spatial imaginaries that exemplify patterns of differential inclusion of the ‘non-EU’ will be explored. The cases involve Italy–Tunisia cross-border relations, the EU’s post-‘Arab Spring’ engagement with civil society actors and the case of Northern Cyprus. The authors suggest that ‘neighbourhood’ can be conceptualized as a borderscape of interaction and agency that is politically framed in very general terms but that in detail is composed of many interlinked relational spaces. The European neighbourhood emerges as a patchwork of relations, socio-cultural encounters, confrontation and contestation, rather than merely as a cooperation policy or border regime.

scholarly journals Experiences of Injuries and Injury Reporting among Swedish Skydivers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Jong ◽  
Anton Westman ◽  
Britt-Inger Saveman
Keyword(s):  
Continuing Education ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Safety Work ◽  
Injury Reporting ◽  
The Individual

The objective was to illuminate the experience of injuries and the process of injury reporting within the Swedish skydiving culture. Data contained narrative interviews that were subsequently analyzed with content analysis. Seventeen respondents (22–44 years) were recruited at three skydiving drop zones in Sweden. In the results injury events related to the full phase of a skydive were described. Risk of injury is individually viewed as an integrated element of the recreational activity counterbalanced by its recreational value. The human factor of inadequate judgment such as miscalculation and distraction dominates the descriptions as causes of injuries. Organization and leadership act as facilitators or constrainers for reporting incidents and injuries. On the basis of this study it is interpreted that safety work and incident reporting in Swedish skydiving may be influenced more by local drop zone culture than the national association regulations. Formal and informal hierarchical structures among skydivers seem to decide how skydiving is practiced, rules are enforced, and injuries are reported. We suggest that initial training and continuing education need to be changed from the current top-down to a bottom-up perspective, where the individual skydiver learns to see the positive implications of safety work and injury reporting.

scholarly journals Media and Information Technology in Ten Years’ Time: A Society of Control Both from Above and Below, and From Outside and Inside

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Becker
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Social ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Society Of Control

In the process of continual change from the hand axe to the factory and now to industrial production 4.0, technology has had, and still has, two basically invariable functions: control and rationalisation. Each of these two terms is to be understood in a very comprehensive sense, in technical, engineering, commercial, legal and also social terms. This tenet also applies to television and to information technology. In my lecture, the terms “above” and “below” stand for a model of social stratification; they stand for capital and labour. The terms “outside” and “inside” stand for the external conditions of the class struggle from “above” and “below”. The external conditions mean the social and the inside conditions mean the psychological environment. Both television and information technology rely on content and organisational forms that run from above to below (from top to bottom). Moreover, contrary to Gutenberg’s invention of moving letters, today innovations in the media and IT fields no longer run from the bottom up, but only from the top down. While television conditions the individual from outside, users of social media internalise that same conditioning as a liberation from constraints.

scholarly journals Culture of Interpersonal Communication in ICU Nurses: An Ethnographic Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayebeh Mahvar ◽  
Behzad Hemmatpour ◽  
Hamidreza Saiediborojeni ◽  
Hamideh Mashalchi ◽  
Masoud Fallahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Moral Distress ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Individual

Introduction: Interpersonal Nurses Communication (IPC) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is known to be important due to the critical situation of patients and the nurses’ experience with moral distress. Nurses interpersonal relationships and ways of resolving conflicts are influenced by the culture of this sector. Aim: To specify the culture of IPC among nurses in ICU. Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative multi-site ethnographic study conducted from May 2017 to September 2019 at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through participatory observation and formal and informal semi-structured interviews. The study environment included four ICUs in two hospitals. Data were obtained from an uninterrupted observation for five months, intermittent observation for six months, 15 formal interviews and 31 informal interviews. The process stems from the research evolutionary cycle model and Spradley’s Steps. In order to discover the meaning of the patterns from the obtained themes, the findings were interpreted after analysis. In this study, Spradley method was used to analyse the data. Results: In this study, 66.7% of the nurses were female, the mean age was 38.66±9.1 years, and mean work experience was 14.43±8.4 years. The three main themes of the high-level code consensus emerged as follows: Grouping which included the formation of groups, cooperation and competition between groups, and demarcation and characteristics of groups. The governing organisational relationships include managerial strategies and nature of the wards. And the individual characteristics that included top-down look, work discipline and experience. Conclusion: The IPC among the ICU nurses is a dynamic and inevitable process and influenced by factors such as nurses’ membership in the groups established in the ICU, nurses’ cooperation, management strategies, physical and emotional nature of critical care units, work experience and former communications, discipline, and features such as a top-down attitude.

scholarly journals The Rule of Two: A Star Wars Edict or a Method of Reproducibility and Quality?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Manuscript Review ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Star Wars ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Biomedical Investigation ◽  
Scientific Workforce ◽  
Collective Thinking

In recent years, biomedical research has faced increased scrutiny over issues related to reproducibility and quality in scientific findings(1-3). In response to this scrutiny, funding institutions and journals have implemented top-down policies for grant and manuscript review. While a positive step forward, the long-term merit of these policies is questionable given their emphasis on completing a check-list of items instead of a fundamental re-assessment of how scientific investigation is conducted. Moreover, the top-down style of management used to institute these policies can be argued as being ineffective in engaging the scientific workforce to act upon these issues. To meet current and future biomedical needs, new investigative methods that emphasize collective-thinking, teamwork, shared knowledge and cultivate change from the bottom-up are warranted. Here, a perspective on a new approach to biomedical investigation within the individual laboratory that emphasizes collaboration and quality is discussed.

scholarly journals Impact of Immunization Strategies on the Dynamics of Social Contagions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hao Peng ◽  
Wangxin Peng ◽  
Dandan Zhao ◽  
Zhaolong Hu ◽  
Jianmin Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Network Heterogeneity ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Spreading Dynamics ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
Edge Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Immunization strategies on complex networks are effective methods to control the spreading dynamics on complex networks, which change the topology and connectivity of the underlying network, thereby affecting the dynamics process of propagation. Here, we use a non-Markovian threshold model to study the impact of immunization strategies on social contagions, in which the immune index greater than (or equal to) 0 corresponds to targeted (random) immunization, and when the immune index is less than 0, the probability of an individual being immunized is inversely related to the degree of the individual. A generalized edge-based compartmental theory is developed to analyze the dynamics of social contagions under immunization, and theoretical predictions are very consistent with simulation results. We find that increasing the immune index or increasing the immune ratio will reduce the final adoption size and increase the outbreak threshold, in other words, make the residual network after immunization not conducive to social contagions. Interestingly, enhancing the network heterogeneity is proved to help improve the immune efficiency of targeted immunization. Besides, the dependence of the outbreak threshold on the network heterogeneity is correlated with the immune ratio and immune index.

Historical Consciousness as a Management Tool

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-219
Author(s):  
Diane Ella Németh Bongers
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Organizational History ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Collective Dimension ◽  
Level Of Analysis

The increasing call for historical perspectives in organization studies illustrates that history has become a central concern. While most studies of organizational history focus on the use of history by top managers, which we propose to call “tight history” (top-down), they seem to ignore the informal articulations of history that evolve from the lower levels of the organization (bottom-up), which we offer to label “loose history.” So far, scholars have largely focused on one level of analysis, but have not explored how the levels articulate with each other. This chapter investigates the activities and processes by which actors use history at both the individual and the institutional levels. Thus, our work aims to contribute to the understanding of processes by which organizations develop different forms of historical consciousness by promoting both tight and loose history, highlighting the collective dimension in both the process and the agency of historical consciousness.

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