scholarly journals The Number of Unanimous Witnesses who Identify a Suspect from a Lineup Influences Mock Jurors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Robert Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Juror Decision Making ◽  
Mock Jurors ◽  
Criminal Proceeding ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Story Model ◽  
Initial Belief ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Theoretical Evidence

<p>During a criminal proceeding, jurors need to weigh up the presented evidence and determine a verdict. Research has shown that witness identification evidence is compelling to jurors, despite the fact that it can be unreliable. How reliable are the combined lineup decisions gathered from multiple witnesses? Generally, the more witnesses who identify the same person from a lineup, the more likely that person is guilty. But recent theoretical evidence suggests that a greater number of witnesses identifying the same person from a biased lineup can indicate that person is actually less likely to be guilty than if there were a smaller number of witnesses identifying that person (Gunn et al., 2016). As the number of agreeing witnesses increases, the more likely that agreement is caused by the lineup bias, rather than consistent witness memories of the crime. In this thesis, I examined how unanimity and lineup bias influenced jurors’ perceptions of guilt. Subjects who saw a biased lineup gave lower ratings of guilt compared to subjects that were shown a lineup that had no obvious bias. In addition, warning subjects that a lineup was biased led them to give lower guilt ratings than subjects who did not receive a warning. Subjects who were told there were two witnesses who identified the police suspect gave higher guilt ratings than subjects who were told there was one witness who identified the police suspect, but only when the lineup was clearly not biased. Subjects’ guilt ratings were not significantly greater in conditions with more than two unanimous witnesses identifying the police suspect. It seems subjects had a limit of certainty based on changes in witness numbers alone. We also found that the way in which witness numbers were presented to subjects influenced guilt ratings. When we presented witnesses coming forward in different groups and on different days, subjects shifted their guilt ratings upwards. When the number of witnesses decreased during the experiment, subjects did not decrease their guilt ratings to the same extent as those subjects in conditions in which the number of witnesses increased by the same magnitude. This finding is consistent with the literature on confirmation bias and the story model of juror decision-making—subjects likely formed an initial belief that the identified suspect was guilty and subsequent evidence was evaluated against that belief (Nickerson, 1988; Pennington & Hastie, 1993). The finding that presenting witnesses coming forward in separate groups increased subjects’ guilt ratings adds to the literature showing that jurors are influenced by irrelevant information presented to them during a proceeding. This research also demonstrates that future research should examine strength of evidence manipulations over multiple levels—rather than as dichotomous “strong” and “weak” extremes.</p>

scholarly journals The Number of Unanimous Witnesses who Identify a Suspect from a Lineup Influences Mock Jurors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Robert Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Juror Decision Making ◽  
Mock Jurors ◽  
Criminal Proceeding ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Story Model ◽  
Initial Belief ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Theoretical Evidence

<p>During a criminal proceeding, jurors need to weigh up the presented evidence and determine a verdict. Research has shown that witness identification evidence is compelling to jurors, despite the fact that it can be unreliable. How reliable are the combined lineup decisions gathered from multiple witnesses? Generally, the more witnesses who identify the same person from a lineup, the more likely that person is guilty. But recent theoretical evidence suggests that a greater number of witnesses identifying the same person from a biased lineup can indicate that person is actually less likely to be guilty than if there were a smaller number of witnesses identifying that person (Gunn et al., 2016). As the number of agreeing witnesses increases, the more likely that agreement is caused by the lineup bias, rather than consistent witness memories of the crime. In this thesis, I examined how unanimity and lineup bias influenced jurors’ perceptions of guilt. Subjects who saw a biased lineup gave lower ratings of guilt compared to subjects that were shown a lineup that had no obvious bias. In addition, warning subjects that a lineup was biased led them to give lower guilt ratings than subjects who did not receive a warning. Subjects who were told there were two witnesses who identified the police suspect gave higher guilt ratings than subjects who were told there was one witness who identified the police suspect, but only when the lineup was clearly not biased. Subjects’ guilt ratings were not significantly greater in conditions with more than two unanimous witnesses identifying the police suspect. It seems subjects had a limit of certainty based on changes in witness numbers alone. We also found that the way in which witness numbers were presented to subjects influenced guilt ratings. When we presented witnesses coming forward in different groups and on different days, subjects shifted their guilt ratings upwards. When the number of witnesses decreased during the experiment, subjects did not decrease their guilt ratings to the same extent as those subjects in conditions in which the number of witnesses increased by the same magnitude. This finding is consistent with the literature on confirmation bias and the story model of juror decision-making—subjects likely formed an initial belief that the identified suspect was guilty and subsequent evidence was evaluated against that belief (Nickerson, 1988; Pennington & Hastie, 1993). The finding that presenting witnesses coming forward in separate groups increased subjects’ guilt ratings adds to the literature showing that jurors are influenced by irrelevant information presented to them during a proceeding. This research also demonstrates that future research should examine strength of evidence manipulations over multiple levels—rather than as dichotomous “strong” and “weak” extremes.</p>

"He seems odd": The effects of risk-irrelevant information and actuarial risk estimates on mock jurors' perceptions of sexual recidivism risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kamorowski ◽  
Karl Ask ◽  
Maartje Schreuder ◽  
Marko Jelicic ◽  
Corine de Ruiter
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Risk Estimate ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sexual Recidivism ◽  
Mock Jurors ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Actuarial Risk

Previous research has shown that mock and actual jurors give little weight to actuarial sexual offending recidivism risk estimates when making decisions regarding civil commitment for so-called sexually violent predators (SVPs). We hypothesized that non-risk related factors, such as irrelevant contextual information and jurors’ information-processing style, would influence mock jurors’ perceptions of sexual recidivism risk. This preregistered experimental study examined the effects of mock jurors’ (N = 427) need for cognition (NFC), irrelevant contextual information in the form of the offender’s social attractiveness, and an actuarial risk estimate on mock jurors’ estimates of sexual recidivism risk related to a simulated SVP case vignette. Mock jurors exposed to negative risk-irrelevant characteristics of the offender estimated sexual recidivism risk as higher than mock jurors exposed to positive information about the offender. However, this effect was no longer significant after mock jurors had reviewed Static-99R actuarial risk estimate information. We found no support for the hypothesis that the level of NFC moderates the relationship between risk-irrelevant contextual information and risk estimates. Future research could explore additional individual characteristics or attitudes among mock jurors that may influence perceptions of sexual recidivism risk and insensitivity to actuarial risk estimates.

scholarly journals Revisiting the CompCars Dataset for Hierarchical Car Classification: New Annotations, Experiments, and Results

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Marco Buzzelli ◽  
Luca Segantin
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Hierarchical Nature ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Entire Dataset

We address the task of classifying car images at multiple levels of detail, ranging from the top-level car type, down to the specific car make, model, and year. We analyze existing datasets for car classification, and identify the CompCars as an excellent starting point for our task. We show that convolutional neural networks achieve an accuracy above 90% on the finest-level classification task. This high performance, however, is scarcely representative of real-world situations, as it is evaluated on a biased training/test split. In this work, we revisit the CompCars dataset by first defining a new training/test split, which better represents real-world scenarios by setting a more realistic baseline at 61% accuracy on the new test set. We also propagate the existing (but limited) type-level annotation to the entire dataset, and we finally provide a car-tight bounding box for each image, automatically defined through an ad hoc car detector. To evaluate this revisited dataset, we design and implement three different approaches to car classification, two of which exploit the hierarchical nature of car annotations. Our experiments show that higher-level classification in terms of car type positively impacts classification at a finer grain, now reaching 70% accuracy. The achieved performance constitutes a baseline benchmark for future research, and our enriched set of annotations is made available for public download.

scholarly journals Backfire effects after correcting misinformation are strongly associated with reliability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briony Swire-Thompson ◽  
Nicholas Miklaucic ◽  
John Wihbey ◽  
David Lazer ◽  
Joseph DeGutis
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Initial Belief ◽  
Truth Effect ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Perceived Importance ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Backfire Effect ◽  
Corrective Information ◽  
Item Reliability

The backfire effect is when a correction increases belief in the very misconception it is attempting to correct, and it is often used as a reason not to correct misinformation. The current study aimed to test whether correcting misinformation increases belief more than a no-correction control. Furthermore, we aimed to examine whether item-level differences in backfire rates were associated with test-retest reliability or theoretically meaningful factors. These factors included worldview-related attributes, namely perceived importance and strength of pre-correction belief, and familiarity-related attributes, namely perceived novelty and the illusory truth effect. In two nearly identical experiments, we conducted a longitudinal pre/post design with N = 388 and 532 participants. Participants rated 21 misinformation items and were assigned to a correction condition or test-retest control. We found that no items backfired more in the correction condition compared to test-retest control or initial belief ratings. Item backfire rates were strongly negatively correlated with item reliability (⍴ = -.61 / -.73) and did not correlate with worldview-related attributes. Familiarity-related attributes were significantly correlated with backfire rate, though they did not consistently account for unique variance beyond reliability. While there have been previous papers highlighting the non-replicable nature of backfire effects, the current findings provide a potential mechanism for this poor replicability. It is crucial for future research into backfire effects to use reliable measures, report the reliability of their measures, and take reliability into account in analyses. Furthermore, fact-checkers and communicators should not avoid giving corrective information due to backfire concerns.

scholarly journals Dynamic Creation: Extending the Radical Austrian Approach to Entrepreneurship

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd H. Chiles ◽  
Christopher S. Tuggle ◽  
Jeffery S. McMullen ◽  
Leonard Bierman ◽  
Daniel W. Greening
Keyword(s):  
Job Search ◽  
Organization Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Equilibrium Market ◽  
Heterogeneous Resources ◽  
Novel Products

We develop a new perspective on entrepreneurship as a dynamic, complex, subjective process of creative organizing. Our approach, which we call ‘dynamic creation’, synthesizes core ideas from Austrian ‘radical subjectivism’ with complementary ideas from psychology (empathy), strategy and organization theory (modularity), and complexity theory (self-organization). We articulate conjectures at multiple levels about how such dynamic creative processes as empathizing, modularizing, and self-organizing help organize subjectively imagined novel ideas in entrepreneurs’ minds, heterogeneous resources in their firms, and disequilibrium markets in their environments. In our most provocative claim, we argue that entrepreneurs, by imagining divergent futures and (re)combining heterogeneous resources to create novel products, drive far-from-equilibrium market processes to create not market anarchy but market order. We conclude our exposition of each dynamic creative process by offering one possible direction for future research and articulating additional conjectures that help point the way. Throughout, we draw examples from CareerBuilder—a firm that has played a major role in creating and shaping the online model in the job search/recruiting industry—and its industry rivals (e.g. Monster, Yahoo’s HotJobs) to illustrate selected concepts and relationships in dynamic entrepreneurial creation.

Dispatches from the Graduate Classroom

2010 ◽  
pp. 351-366
Author(s):  
F. R. Nordengren ◽  
Ann M. York
Keyword(s):  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Web 3.0 ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Theoretical Evidence ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Concurrent Analysis ◽  
The Web

This chapter is a practical overview of both the theoretical, evidence-based research in pedagogy and the anecdotal, experience-based practices of faculty who work daily in online and blended learning communities. This approach combines best practices with theoretical aspects of delivering and facilitating education with diverse adult learners. Issues and trends in E-learning are presented with specific examples for implementation and suggestions for future research. Using an evidence-based approach, the authors will explore and summarize recent research with a concurrent analysis of the anecdotal popular literature. The authors explore the concept of information literacy and other skills necessary to succeed in the Web 2.0 world. Their discussion takes us away from the traditional “sage on stage” versus “guide on side” dichotomy towards both a new understanding of Web 2.0’s role in education as well as a preface to what may become Web 3.0 and beyond.

scholarly journals Is Attentional Filtering Impaired in Schizophrenia?

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1001-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J Luck ◽  
Carly J Leonard ◽  
Britta Hahn ◽  
James M Gold
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Processing Resources

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that schizophrenia involves hyperfocusing, an unusually narrow but intense focusing of processing resources. This appears to contradict the classic idea that schizophrenia involves an impairment in the ability to focus on relevant information and filter irrelevant information. Here, we review one set of studies suggesting that attentional filtering is impaired in people with schizophrenia and another set of studies suggesting that attentional filtering is unimpaired or even enhanced in these individuals. Considerable evidence supports both conclusions, and we propose 3 potential ways of reconciling the conflicting evidence. First, impaired attentional filtering may occur primarily during periods of active psychosis, with hyperfocusing being a part of the broad pattern of cognitive impairment that persists independent of the level of positive symptoms. Second, schizophrenia may involve hyperfocusing in the visual modality and impaired attentional filtering in the auditory modality. Third, attention may be directed toward irrelevant inputs as a result of impaired executive control, and hyperfocusing on those inputs may be functionally equivalent to a failure of attentional filtering. Given the widespread clinical observations and first-person reports of impaired attentional filtering in schizophrenia, it will be important for future research to test these possibilities.

The In-Store Shopping Experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-141
Author(s):  
Angelo Bonfanti ◽  
Rossella Canestrino ◽  
Paola Castellani ◽  
Vania Vigolo
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Retail Management ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Theoretical Evidence ◽  
Advance Knowledge

This chapter provides a systematic literature review on the in-store shopping experience, as presented in retail management studies, to reveal potential gaps in the existing literature and suggest directions for future research. This is a conceptual paper with an analytical approach that draws heavily on theoretical evidence published in the retail management literature. A total of 90 journal articles published between 1992 and 2019 were analysed in a five-step process: obtaining a basic understanding, coding, categorisation, comparison, and further analysis. More precisely, the chapter depicts the period of publication of the articles, the journals in which they were published, the origin of the authors, the research methods, definitions, and the measurement of the in-store shopping experience. Finally, main research gaps and directions for future research are proposed. Scholars can use this paper as a reference point to identify specific research areas that can be theoretically and empirically investigated to further advance knowledge on this topic.

scholarly journals A Multi-Level Approach to Waste Object Segmentation

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3816
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Yuanzheng Cai ◽  
Lingyu Liang ◽  
Dongyi Ye
Keyword(s):  
Random Field ◽  
Object Segmentation ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Conditional Random Field ◽  
Depth Image ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Potential Object

We address the problem of localizing waste objects from a color image and an optional depth image, which is a key perception component for robotic interaction with such objects. Specifically, our method integrates the intensity and depth information at multiple levels of spatial granularity. Firstly, a scene-level deep network produces an initial coarse segmentation, based on which we select a few potential object regions to zoom in and perform fine segmentation. The results of the above steps are further integrated into a densely connected conditional random field that learns to respect the appearance, depth, and spatial affinities with pixel-level accuracy. In addition, we create a new RGBD waste object segmentation dataset, MJU-Waste, that is made public to facilitate future research in this area. The efficacy of our method is validated on both MJU-Waste and the Trash Annotation in Context (TACO) dataset.

The Effects of Victim Gender, Defendant Gender, and Defendant Age on Juror Decision Making

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna D. Pozzulo ◽  
Julie Dempsey ◽  
Evelyn Maeder ◽  
Laura Allen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Juror Decision Making ◽  
Mock Jurors ◽  
Female Defendant ◽  
Victim Gender

Mock jurors provided credibility ratings for a victim (12 years old) and defendant when victim gender, defendant gender, and defendant age (15 vs. 40 years old) were manipulated. Verdicts and sentence recommendations also were assessed. Higher guilt ratings were found for a male versus female defendant. Juror gender was examined as a covariate in the analyses. Female jurors rated the victim higher on accuracy, truthfulness, and believability than male jurors. Male jurors rated the defendant higher on reliability, credibility, truthfulness, and believability than female jurors. Male jurors perceived the victim to desire and cause the crime to a greater extent than female jurors. Mock jurors rated the victim as more responsible for the crime with an older versus younger defendant. Female jurors ascribed higher responsibility to the defendant compared to male jurors. The younger versus older defendant was perceived to have desired the event but only when the victim was female versus male.

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