Relationship of Risk Factors for Metabolic-Associated Diseases with Biological Age

Assessment of the rate of aging is of great importance in modern medicine, since people of middle age may have a discrepancy between the calendar and biological age. Biological age is a measure of biological capabilities, which determines not only the past, but also the measures of the forthcoming life expectancy, as well as the risk of certain age-dependent diseases. Metabolic disorders, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia induce interrelated processes in the vascular wall as well as increase oxidative stress, apoptosis, and vascular permeability therefore contributing to the development of premature aging. The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between risk factors for metabolic-associated diseases and biological age. Materials and methods. The study involved 119 patients who were divided into 2 groups: 1 group (n = 67) – patients with moderate risk of cardiovascular disease in combination with metabolic-associated diseases (insulin resistance, obesity, hyperuricemia), group 2 (n = 52) – comparison group. Each group was divided into subgroups, depending on age categories: up to 45 years, from 45 years to 60 years (middle-aged patients according to the World Health Organization recommendations), from 60 to 75 years, over 75 years. Results and discussion. Premature aging is diagnosed on the basis of determining the biological age as an indicator of conformity (inconsistency) of the morphofunctional status of the individual to some statistical average development value of this age and sex group. Determination of risk factors for metabolic-associated diseases will effectively counteract the occurrence of pathological conditions and increase life expectancy in these patients. The article presents its own data on the association of risk factors for metabolic-associated diseases, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, body mass index, elevated insulin levels and high levels of proatherogenic lipids, stress level with increasing biological age, both in the study and in the control groups, thus accelerating the rate of aging. Conclusion. Preventive strategies aimed at preventing the impact of risk factors for metabolic-associated diseases will effectively counteract the occurrence of pathological conditions, prevent cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident), thereby increasing life expectancy in these patients

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PREMATURE AGING INDICES IN PATIENTS WITH MODERATE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

International Medical Journal ◽

10.37436/2308-5274-2021-1-1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 5-9

Author(s):

A. O. Radchenko ◽

T. M. Bondar ◽

A. V. Potapenko

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Age Groups ◽

The Body ◽

Premature Aging ◽

Biological Age ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Age Related

Aging is characterized with a gradual aggravation of organ function throughout life and can occur both physiologically and prematurely. With premature aging there is an early decrease in the adaptive mechanisms of all physiological systems of the body, there is a significant reduction in physical and mental activities, that contributes to the early development of age−related pathology. Genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as environmental ones can be the causes of different rates of aging. It is not possible to accurately determine the onset of old age by biological characteristics, because people with the same calendar age are not always the same as for biological one. To establish the association of age−related disease factors with the markers of premature aging and biological age in the patients of various age groups, a study was performed in the patients aged 25−44 and 45−59 years with moderate cardiovascular risk in accordance with the SCORE scale. The primary task for predicting and preventing the age−associated diseases is to identify genetic, molecular and cellular factors that determine the rate of aging and increase the risk of age−associated diseases. The role of cardiovascular risk factors in premature aging has been determined. It is established that the most important factors that lead to an increase in biological age and formation of age−associated diseases are the disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and level of oxidative stress, importance of which progresses with age. The relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and biological age, estimated with different methods, their influence on telomere length, that allows the designing of an algorithm to determine the markers of premature aging in different age groups for early and effective prevention of metabolic−associated diseases, has been established. Key words: biological age, cardiovascular risk, premature aging, telomere length.

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The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Aetiology and Development of Uveal Melanoma

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13071700 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1700

Author(s):

Melissa Chalada ◽

Charmaine A. Ramlogan-Steel ◽

Bijay P. Dhungel ◽

Christopher J. Layton ◽

Jason C. Steel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Uveal Melanoma ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Genetic Mutations ◽

High Incidence ◽

The World ◽

The Impact

Uveal melanoma (UM) is currently classified by the World Health Organisation as a melanoma caused by risk factors other than cumulative solar damage. However, factors relating to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) susceptibility such as light-coloured skin and eyes, propensity to burn, and proximity to the equator, frequently correlate with higher risk of UM. These risk factors echo those of the far more common cutaneous melanoma (CM), which is widely accepted to be caused by excessive UVR exposure, suggesting a role of UVR in the development and progression of a proportion of UM. Indeed, this could mean that countries, such as Australia, with high UVR exposure and the highest incidences of CM would represent a similarly high incidence of UM if UVR exposure is truly involved. Most cases of UM lack the typical genetic mutations that are related to UVR damage, although recent evidence in a small minority of cases has shown otherwise. This review therefore reassesses statistical, environmental, anatomical, and physiological evidence for and against the role of UVR in the aetiology of UM.

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29.E. Workshop: Data analysis, advocacy activities, and actions to counteract the double burden of malnutrition

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.1331 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Global Health ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Special Focus ◽

Global Level ◽

Double Burden ◽

Related Risk ◽

Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽

The Impact

Abstract The burden of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) represents a public health issue of gigantic proportion at global level. Among others, diet has been demonstrated to be a key element to maintain health and prevent NCDs. Today's world is facing the so-called “double burden of malnutrition”, characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight, obesity or diet-related NCDs due to a substantial shift toward unhealthy diet high in sugars and ultra-processed foods and concomitant inadequate accessibility of nutritious foods. While interventions to improve diet quality and nutrition knowledge are of paramount importance in order to decrease the burden of NCDs over the next decades, the international policy framework should aim to develop evidence-based policy approaches to reduce such burden globally. In this context, the EUPHA Food and nutrition section, the EUPHA Chronic diseases section, the EUPHA Health promotion section, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), aim to propose a joint workshop to provide the latest updates from leading scientists and experts involved in global health research, with a special focus on NCDs, obesity and nutrition-related risk factors as well as ongoing interventions aimed to reduce the double burden of malnutrition. The objectives of the present workshop are the following: To quantify the global burden and temporal trends of NCDs risk factors; To assess the impact of nutrition-related risk factors on NCDs; To provide examples of advocacy activities and actions at global level to improve nutrition education and dietary behaviors; To promote translatable information at global level and drive implementation of knowledge into policy and practice. Organizing the present workshop would provide an important occasion for gathering experts in the field and sharing opinions with the audience in light of the presented results. Given the many actors involved, the workshop will provide a unique occasion to discuss about potential policy approaches in the context of the conference. Key messages There is science-based evidence demonstrating that healthy nutrition is a key factor to maintain global health and prevent chronic non-communicable diseases. Governmental and non-governmental efforts are currently working to counteract malnutrition worldwide.

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Impact of disease activity on impaired glucose metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Arthritis Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13075-021-02476-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gorica G. Ristić ◽

Vesna Subota ◽

Dejana Stanisavljević ◽

Danilo Vojvodić ◽

Arsen D. Ristić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Impaired Glucose Metabolism ◽

Inflammation Markers ◽

C Peptide ◽

Related Risk ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective To explore glucose metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its association with insulin resistance (IR) risk factors and disease activity indicators, including matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3). Methods This single-center study included 127 non-diabetic subjects: 90 RA patients and 37 matched controls. IR-related risk factors, disease activity (DAS28-ESR/CRP), concentrations of inflammation markers, MMP3, glucose, specific insulin, and C-peptide (a marker of β-cell secretion) were determined. Homeostasis Model Assessment was used to establish insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and sensitivity (HOMA2-%S). Associations of HOMA2 indices with IR-related risk factors, inflammation markers, and RA activity were tested using multiple regression analyses. Results RA patients had significantly increased HOMA2-IR index than controls. In the RA group, multivariate analysis revealed DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, tender joint counts, patient’s global assessment, and MMP3 level as significant positive predictors for HOMA2-IR (β = 0.206, P = 0.014; β = 0.192, P = 0.009; β = 0.121, P = 0.005; β = 0.148, P = 0.007; β = 0.075, P = 0.025, respectively), and reciprocal negative for HOMA2-%S index. According to the value of the coefficient of determination (R2), DAS28-ESR ≥ 5.1 has the largest proportion of variation in both HOMA2-IR indices. DAS28-ESR ≥ 5.1 and ESR were independent predictors for increased C-peptide concentration (β = 0.090, P = 0.022; β = 0.133, P = 0.022). Despite comparability regarding all IR-related risk factors, patients with DAS28-ESR ≥ 5.1 had higher HOMA2-IR than controls [1.7 (1.2–2.5) vs. 1.2 (0.8–1.4), P = 0.000]. There was no difference between patients with DAS28-ESR < 5.1 and controls [1.3 (0.9–1.9) vs. 1.2 (0.8–1.4), P = 0.375]. Conclusions RA activity is an independent risk factor for impaired glucose metabolism. DAS28-ESR ≥ 5.1 was the main contributor to this metabolic disturbance, followed by MMP3 concentration, outweighing the impact of classic IR-related risk factors.

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Estimated Impact of World Health Organization Latent Tuberculosis Screening Guidelines in a Region With a Low Tuberculosis Incidence: Retrospective Cohort Study

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 2101-2108 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lisa A Ronald ◽

Jonathon R Campbell ◽

Caren Rose ◽

Robert Balshaw ◽

Kamila Romanowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Latent Tuberculosis ◽

World Health ◽

Administrative Databases ◽

Ltbi Screening ◽

Immunosuppressive Medications ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening and treatment is a key component of the World Health Organization (WHO) EndTB Strategy, but the impact of LTBI screening and treatment at a population level is unclear. We aimed to estimate the impact of LTBI screening and treatment in a population of migrants to British Columbia (BC), Canada. Methods This retrospective cohort included all individuals (N = 1 080 908) who immigrated to Canada as permanent residents between 1985 and 2012 and were residents in BC at any time up to 2013. Multiple administrative databases were linked to identify people with risk factors who met the WHO strong recommendations for screening: people with tuberculosis (TB) contact, with human immunodeficiency virus, on dialysis, with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, who had an organ/haematological transplant, or with silicosis. Additional TB risk factors included immunosuppressive medications, cancer, diabetes, and migration from a country with a high TB burden. We defined active TB as preventable if diagnosed ≥6 months after a risk factor diagnosis. We estimated the number of preventable TB cases, given optimal LTBI screening and treatment, based on these risk factors. Results There were 16 085 people (1.5%) identified with WHO strong risk factors. Of the 2814 people with active TB, 118 (4.2%) were considered preventable through screening with WHO risk factors. Less than half (49.4%) were considered preventable with expanded screening to include people migrating from countries with high TB burdens, people who had been prescribed immunosuppressive medications, or people with diabetes or cancer. Conclusions The application of WHO LTBI strong recommendations for screening would have minimally impacted the TB incidence in this population. Further high-risk groups must be identified to develop an effective LTBI screening and treatment strategy for low-incidence regions.

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Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents

Endocrine Reviews ◽

10.1210/er.2018-00141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1447-1467 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Antonino Di Pino ◽

Ralph A DeFronzo

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

High Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Considerable Evidence ◽

Risk Patients ◽

Cv Disease ◽

The Impact

Abstract Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk for macrovascular complications, which represent the major cause of mortality. Despite effective treatment of established cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, procoagulant state), there remains a significant amount of unexplained CV risk. Insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors known collectively as the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome (IRS). Considerable evidence, reviewed herein, suggests that insulin resistance and the IRS contribute to this unexplained CV risk in patients with T2DM. Accordingly, CV outcome trials with pioglitazone have demonstrated that this insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione reduces CV events in high-risk patients with T2DM. In this review the roles of insulin resistance and the IRS in the development of atherosclerotic CV disease and the impact of the insulin-sensitizing agents and of other antihyperglycemic medications on CV outcomes are discussed.

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Prevalence of Diabetes and Associated Health Risk Factors among Adults in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Results from Dubai Household Survey 2019

Dubai Diabetes and Endocrinology Journal ◽

10.1159/000512428 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Fatheya Al Awadi ◽

Mohamed Hassanein ◽

Hamid Y. Hussain ◽

Heba Mohammed ◽

Gamal Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Risk ◽

Marital Status ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

Health Survey ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Age Groups ◽

World Health ◽

Health Risk Factors ◽

The Impact

Background: The health and social burdens of diabetes mellitus (DM) are steadily increasing worldwide, reflecting the impact of urbanization, industrial transitions, and shifting to nonhealthy, sedentary life patterns’, as well as the high sugar, low-fiber food consumptions. All these factors have contributed to the global increase in the prevalence of DM and metabolic disorders. Objectives: The objective is to study the prevalence of DM among adult cohorts in Dubai and the extent of behavioral health risk factors associations. Methodology: A cross-sectional household health survey with multistage, stratified cluster random sample of 9,630 participants including 2,496 households was carried out in Dubai 2019. About 5,371 non-United Arab Emirates (UAE) national, 2,245 UAE-nationals, of different age-groups, gender, education, nationality, smoking, and marital status were included in the survey. The survey questionnaire was adapted from the one used in the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMSs) and the WHO’s World Health Surveys (WHSs). Self-reported diabetes was considered as well as newly diagnosed diabetes based on HbA1C results. About 75 well-trained surveyors, 25 well-trained nurses, and other laboratory technicians conducted the survey. SPSS 21 and Stata 12 software was used for data management. Results: The data indicate that the prevalence of diabetes among Dubai Emiratis is much higher than Dubai expats (19.3 vs. 12.4% p = 0.000). The association between diabetes and age was evident regardless of nationality. Rates of diabetes were higher in males (15.4%) compared to females (11.8%) (p < 0.001). About 11.2% of those considered overweight have DM, while the prevalence is 21.5% in obese people (p = 0.000). Physical inactivity, smoking, and hypertension (HTN) were strongly associated with higher rates of DM. Regardless of nationality, lower levels of education were statistically significantly associated with the prevalence of DM (p = 0.000), while single marital status was associated with the lowest rate of DM. Conclusions: Dubai household health survey 2019 indicated that the prevalence of DM among Dubai adults was still high as an overall estimation. Higher rates of diabetes were significantly associated with Emirati nationality, older age-groups, male gender, physical inactivity, high BMI, HTN, smoking, marital status of divorced, separated or divorced as well as low educational level groups.

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Mechanisms Involved in Premature Aging in the Heart—Is There an Implication for Cardiac Surgery?

The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1607052 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (01) ◽

pp. 031-041 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andreas Simm ◽

Susanne Rohrbach ◽

Bernd Niemann

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Low Income ◽

Scoring Systems ◽

Premature Aging ◽

Biological Age ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Past Century ◽

Aged Patients ◽

Clinical Scoring ◽

Perioperative Course

AbstractDuring the past century, life expectancy has risen in Germany from 35.6 and 38.5 years in men and women (1871/1881) to 78.2 and 83.1 years (2013/2015). In recent years, the dominance of chronic diseases as major contributors to total global mortality has emerged. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases in westernized societies and projected trends suggest that by 2030, CVD alone will also be responsible for more deaths in low-income countries than infectious diseases. The occurrence of CVD also seems to correlate to a further increase of biological age within westernized societies. Therefore, age-associated changes in the heart are an issue of high interest in cardiac surgery. The chronological age is a prognostic marker in some clinical scoring systems. However, it does not represent an adequate estimation of the biological age of patients or their perioperative risk. In fact, frailty might be a more powerful predictor for normal perioperative course or risk escalation. An unhealthy, sedentary lifestyle can induce premature aging of vessels and myocardium. Understanding the age-associated genetic, biochemical, and pathophysiological changes can help identify the therapeutic capability of aged myocardium. Future “therapeutic myocardial rejuvenation” may represent a powerful tool for the stabilization of the perioperative course in aged patients. In this review, we will focus on selected mediators or conditions with impact on age-associated myocardial changes with a major focus on obesity and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to utilize or modify these mediators.

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Traveller's thrombosis: airlines still not giving passengers the WRIGHT advice!

Phlebology The Journal of Venous Disease ◽

10.1258/phleb.2009.009070 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 257-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J R H Scurr ◽

N Ahmad ◽

D Thavarajan ◽

R K Fisher

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Medical Advice ◽

World Health ◽

Compression Stockings ◽

Additional Risk ◽

The World ◽

International Airlines ◽

The Impact

Introduction This study has examined the impact of the World Health Organization's Research into Global Hazards of Travel (WRIGHT) Project's phase 1 report on the information given by airlines to their passengers regarding traveller's thrombosis. Methods Official websites of all airlines flying from Heathrow (UK) and John F Kennedy (USA) were located through links on the websites of these two busy international airports. In June 2007, each site was scrutinized by three independent researchers to identify if traveller's thrombosis and its risk factors were discussed and what methods of prevention were advised. This exercise was repeated a year after the publication of the WRIGHT report. Results One hundred and nineteen international airlines were listed in 2007 (12 were excluded from analysis). A quarter (27/107) of airlines warned of the risk of traveller's thrombosis. A year later, five airlines were no longer operational and there had been no increase in the discussion of traveller's thrombosis (23/102). Additional risk factors discussed in June 2007 versus September 2008: previous venous thromboembolism (16%, 15%); thrombophilia (14%, 15%); family history (11%, 9%); malignancy (12%, 14%); recent surgery (19%, 16%); pregnancy (17%, 16%) and obesity (11%, 12%). Prophylaxis advice given in June 2007 versus September 2008: in-flight exercise (34%, 42%); Hydration (30%, 34%); medical consultation prior to flying (20%, 18%); graduated compression stockings (13%, 12%); aspirin (<1%, <1%) and heparin (5%, 7%). Conclusions The majority of world airlines continue to fail to warn of the risk of traveller's thrombosis or offer appropriate advice. Alerting passengers at risk gives them an opportunity to seek medical advice before flying.

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Main causes of complicated COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus

EMERGENCY MEDICINE ◽

10.22141/2224-0586.17.4.2021.237723 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 23-31

Author(s):

O.A. Halushko ◽

O.A. Loskutov ◽

M.A. Trishchynska ◽

I.A. Kuchynska ◽

M.V. Boliuk

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Current Treatment ◽

World Health ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Team Approach ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Complicated Course ◽

The Impact

Background. Since December 2019, the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been marching confidently and aggressively across the planet. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization has declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Among the risk factors for the development and severe course of COVID-19, there are old age, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, recently, based on the epidemiological data obtained, diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a risk factor for infection with SARS-CoV-2, but the presence of concomitant diabetes is associated with a more severe course of COVID-19 and deterioration in treatment outcomes. What is the reason for the complicated course of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus? The need to answer this question led to the conduction of this study. The purpose was to determine the causes of complicated course of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus. Material and methods. We searched for publications using the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar by keywords: COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, complications. Results. The review of the scientific literature considers the main causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Groups of factors that worsen the course of the diseases have been identified, and it has been proven that current treatment of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus should take into account all available risk factors and include a multidisciplinary team approach involving specialists in emergency medicine, endocrinology, infectious diseases, respiratory support, nutritional science and rehabilitation. Conclusions. The main causes that worsen the course of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus are: 1) features of diabetes itself and the interaction of diabetes and COVID-19; 2) the impact of certain drugs used in the treatment of both diseases; 3) shortcomings in the organization of treatment and care of patients. The main factor that is crucial in the management of these patients is the normalization of blood glucose levels and carbohydrate balance, which must be achieved by all possible means.

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