scholarly journals Investigasi Sagging Metoda Parabola pada Saluran Transmisi Terhadap Parameter Temperatur pada Saluran 150 Kv pada Gardu Induk Cigereleng

MIND Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
YOSAN AGENG NUGROHO ◽  
WALUYO WALUYO
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Transmission Line ◽  
Straight Line

AbstrakAndongan adalah bentangan kawat konduktor dari dua ujung titik terendah ditarik garis lurus konduktor tersebut sehingga terbentuk lengkungan kebawah, kekuatan tarik pada andongan berfungsi untuk menahan dari kedua ujung kawat konduktor yang dibentangkan. Besar suatu nilai andongan dapat dilihat dari temperature pada sekeliling saluran transmisi, sehingga siang hari panjang kawat konduktor akan sedikit memanjang diakibatkan sinar matahari, dan sebaliknya malam hari. Untuk mempermudah perhitungan dan analisis andongan dengan menggunakan metoda parabola pada saluran transmisi 150 Kv, dengan hasil perhitungan secara manual. Andongan dengan metoda parabola pada parameter temperature, temperatur 20oC besar andongan 0,0898%, pada temperature 70oC tinggi andongan 0,01186% turun ketika temperature 175oC andongan 0,1544%.Kata kunci: Andongan, temperatur, metoda parabola, gardu induk, saluran transmisi 150 Kv AbstractSagging is main the stretch of conductor wire from the two ends of the lowest point drawn by a straight line of the conductor so that a downward curve is formed, the tensile strength of sagging serves to hold from both ends of the stretched conductor wire the magnitude of a sagging value can be seen from the temperature around the transmission line, so that during the day the length of the conductor wire will be slightly elongated due to sunlight, and vice versa at night. The facilitate for calculation and analysis of the sagging used the parabolic method on a 150 Kv transmission line, with the results of calculations manually. Sagging with parabolic method at temperature parameters, temperature 20 oC large sagging of 0.0898%, at a temperature of 70 oC, the sagging height of 0.01186% decreases when the temperature is 175 oC sagging 0.1544%.Keywords: sagging, temperature, parabolic method, substation, 150 Kv transmission line

Analysis of Class Evaluation in Ultrasonic Test on Pressure Vessel and Pipe Weld Seams

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youwei Zhang ◽  
Yuqing Yang ◽  
Le Chen
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Ultrasonic Test ◽  
Butt Joints ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weld Seams ◽  
Test Result

In the ultrasonic test of girth or longitudinal butt joints in boiler, pressure vessel and pipe, there are multiple defects perpendicular to the length of the weld in a straight line. It is inappropriate of considering only the two adjacent defects in a line in quality classification without considering the defects located in different depth while in same lateral position. Hereby, we make tensile strength test of the rectangle samples with different numbers of side drilled holes, then do collection and analysis about the test result, so that we can get the relationship between elongation and tensile strength of the specimen under external force.

The Broken Analysis of 220kV Transmission Line Tension Crimp Barrel Steel Core

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 950-953
Author(s):  
Guo Dong Han ◽  
Shu Ting Wan ◽  
Zhang Qin Wu ◽  
Zhan Jie Lv ◽  
Rong Hai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Transmission Line ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Line Tension ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Accident Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
Tensile Strength Test ◽  
Steel Core

Through the visual inspection, the appearance of size measurement, crimping size measurement, the steel core crimping length measurement and steel core tensile strength test of tension crimp barrel on 220kV transmission line. Made a detail analysis on test results combined with wire crimping theory. Pointed out the wire crimping defects caused by crimping irregularities. Analyzed the main causes of rupture accident, and made recommendations for improvement. Provides a reference to wire crimp and wire accident analysis.

Recovering Lead in Rubber Factory

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-471
Author(s):  
F. L. Haushalter
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Percentage Elongation ◽  
Pure Lead ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Lead Melts ◽  
Rate Of Cooling ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Abstract When we say that lead melts at 621 ° F. and has a tensile strength of 1900 lb. per sq. in., we have in mind pure lead that has not been remelted many times in crucibles that are not always clean. This metal, too, as ordinarily used in pipes and conduits has been drawn; stresses have been set up in the lead by this process, and their magnitude depends upon several factors, such as temperature of extrusion, extent of oxidation, rate of cooling, and impurities accumulated in the remelting. Where lead is melted and extruded onto wire and hose the tensi1e strength of such lead, when removed from the wire or hose, has increased to about 2400 lb. per sq. in. The percentage elongation, however, has decreased from about 50 to about 25. Industries where lead is used again and again by remelting, as in the rubber industry, where hose is vulcanized in a lead casing, the casing removed after vulcanization of the hose and remelted, the problem of controlling the physical properties of the lead becomes a serious one. After pure lead has been extruded onto the hose and the tensile strength thereby stepped up to about 2400 lb. per sq. in., the tensile strength then falls appreciably below the original value of 1900 lb. per sq. in. as soon as the vulcanization process begins, with the temperature of vulcanization at 280° F. When the samples of lead as stripped from the hose after vulcanization were tested for tensile strength at various temperatures, the curve approximated a straight line. A stress-strain curve on the lead at a temperature of 280?? F. indicates that at a tensile stress of about 600 lb. per sq. in. the lead begins to yield, for the curve departs from the original slope.

Oxidation of Vulcanized Rubber. Effect of Temperature, State of Cure, and Thickness

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-388
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemp ◽  
J. H. Ingmanson ◽  
G. S. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Requirement ◽  
Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide ◽  
Strength Deterioration ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Hydrocarbon Content ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Temperature State ◽  
Thickness Variations

Abstract 1. A previous investigation of the rate of oxidation of rubber over the temperature range of 60° to 80° C. has been extended to 90°, 100° and 110° C. 2. The rate of oxidation over the range which accounts for substantial deterioration of tensile strength appears to be a straight-line function of the time of aging from 60° up to an including 90° C. The rate of oxidation at 100° C. appears to diverge somewhat from a straight-line function of time decreasing as oxidation proceeds. 3. The rate of oxidation increases with increased temperature. Over the range of 60° to 110° C, the rate is doubled for each 7.5° increase in temperature, corresponding to a temperature coefficient of oxidation of 2.5. 4. Tensile strength decreases as a straight-line function of the time of aging and of the quantity of oxygen absorbed. 5. The quantity of absorbed oxygen, determined by weight gain corresponding to a 50 per cent decrease in tensile strength, varies with the temperature of oxidation. At 60° C. the oxygen requirement for 50 per cent deterioration is about 1.30 per cent, and at 110° C. about 0.65 per cent on the rubber hydrocarbon content. 6. Tensile strength increases, probably due to a mild curing effect, when specimens of the compound are heated in an atmosphere where the oxygen is replaced with carbon dioxide for the same periods of time at 80° and 110° C, were required to cause a 50 per cent deterioration in tensile strength in an oxygen atmosphere. 7. With increased time of vulcanization, the rate of oxidation increases. Oxidation appears to be autocatalytic in the case of overvulcanized rubber. 8. As time of vulcanization increases, there is a decrease in the quantity of oxygen required to cause a given decrease in tensile strength. 9. Thickness variations of 0.43 to 1.90 mm. in test-specimens of a compound containing an antioxidant do not affect quantity of oxygen absorbed or degree of tensile strength deterioration when aging is conducted at 80° C. and 3.5 kg. per sq. cm. oxygen pressure. 10. When tetramethylthiuram disulfide is used for vulcanization in place of sulfur, there appears to be no change in the mechanism of oxidation, but the rate of oxidation is reduced.

Development of novel additive manufacturing technology: an investigation of a selective composite formation process

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Wesley Machado Cunico ◽  
Jonas de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Process Window ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Light Power ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Composite Formation

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to present a novel additive manufacturing (AM) technology which is based on selective formation of cellulose-acrylate composite. Besides proposing a process that combines the benefits of fibres and photopolymers, this paper reports the development of material, characterisation of a straight line composite formation, adherence between layers and functional feasibility of the proposed concept. Design/methodology/approach – For the preliminary evaluation of the proposed process, a composite material based on cellulose-photopolymer was developed, while a multi-objective optimisation study indicated the formulation which results in the maximum values of layer adherence, tensile strength of composite and the effect of the water on the mechanical strength of material. For the characterisation of the process, three main subjects were analysed: the characterisation of straight line composite formation, the effect of composite formation process on previous layers and the functional feasibility of technology. Findings – In the material development, the tensile strength of dry composite was identified between 20 and 30 MPa, while the tensile strength of wet composite was between 5 and 12 MPa. It is important to note that the dry and wet cellulose presented tensile strength, respectively, equal to 15 and 1 MPa, indicating the possibility of residual material removal only with the use of water or other soft solvent. The values of adherence between layers (peeling test) were found to be between 0.12 and 0.15 kgf, and the photopolymer formulation which resulted in the maximum adherence has monomer/oligomer ratio equal to 1.5 and 2 per cent wt of photoinitiator percentual. As result of the optimisation study, the material formulation was compounded by monomer – 10 ml, oligomer – 4.5 ml and photoinitiator – 2 per cent, being found suitable to characterise and evaluate the proposed process. The study of composite formation along a straight line showed values of line width between 1,400 and 3,500 μm in accordance with light power, laser velocity and laser beam diameter. On the other hand, the number of previous layers affected by the composite formation varied from 0 to 4, indicating a potential process limit. In the functional feasibility study, a feasible process window which resulted in the maximum dimensional deviation equal to 0.5 mm was identified. In addition, the mean mechanical tensile strength was found to be around 30 MPa for longitudinal laser trajectory (90°) and 15 MPa for transversal laser trajectory (0°), highlighting the anisotropic behaviour of final parts according to the manufacturing strategy. Originality/value – This paper proposed a novel AM technology and also described studies related to the characterisation of this concept. This work might also be useful to the development of other AM processes and applications.

Phase Transformations in Ti-7w/oMo-3w/oMe Alloy

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 514-515
Author(s):  
S. Fujishiro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Water Quench ◽  
Alpha Beta

The mechanical properties of three titanium alloys (Ti-7Mo-3Al, Ti-7Mo- 3Cu and Ti-7Mo-3Ta) were evaluated as function of: 1) Solutionizing in the beta field and aging, 2) Thermal Mechanical Processing in the beta field and aging, 3) Solutionizing in the alpha + beta field and aging. The samples were isothermally aged in the temperature range 300° to 700*C for 4 to 24 hours, followed by a water quench. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray method were used to identify the phase formed. All three alloys solutionized at 1050°C (beta field) transformed to martensitic alpha (alpha prime) upon being water quenched. Despite this heavily strained alpha prime, which is characterized by microtwins the tensile strength of the as-quenched alloys is relatively low and the elongation is as high as 30%.

Microdensitometer—computer correlation analysis of ultrastructural periodicity

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
D.R. Ensor ◽  
C.G. Jensen ◽  
J.A. Fillery ◽  
R.J.K. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Screw Thread ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Computer Storage ◽  
Correlation Process ◽  
Electron Microscope Image ◽  
Fixed Beam

Because periodicity is a major indicator of structural organisation numerous methods have been devised to demonstrate periodicity masked by background “noise” in the electron microscope image (e.g. photographic image reinforcement, Markham et al, 1964; optical diffraction techniques, Horne, 1977; McIntosh,1974). Computer correlation analysis of a densitometer tracing provides another means of minimising "noise". The correlation process uncovers periodic information by cancelling random elements. The technique is easily executed, the results are readily interpreted and the computer removes tedium, lends accuracy and assists in impartiality.A scanning densitometer was adapted to allow computer control of the scan and to give direct computer storage of the data. A photographic transparency of the image to be scanned is mounted on a stage coupled directly to an accurate screw thread driven by a stepping motor. The stage is moved so that the fixed beam of the densitometer (which is directed normal to the transparency) traces a straight line along the structure of interest in the image.

Freeze fracture imaging and computer simulation of liposome structure: Membrane geometry and defects

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 646-647
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Zasadzinski
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Continuum Theory ◽  
Closed Surfaces ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Concentric Spheres ◽  
Membrane Geometry ◽  
Dupin Cyclides ◽  
Limiting Case

At low weight fractions, many surfactant and biological amphiphiles form dispersions of lamellar liquid crystalline liposomes in water. Amphiphile molecules tend to align themselves in parallel bilayers which are free to bend. Bilayers must form closed surfaces to separate hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains completely. Continuum theory of liquid crystals requires that the constant spacing of bilayer surfaces be maintained except at singularities of no more than line extent. Maxwell demonstrated that only two types of closed surfaces can satisfy this constraint: concentric spheres and Dupin cyclides. Dupin cyclides (Figure 1) are parallel closed surfaces which have a conjugate ellipse (r1) and hyperbola (r2) as singularities in the bilayer spacing. Any straight line drawn from a point on the ellipse to a point on the hyperbola is normal to every surface it intersects (broken lines in Figure 1). A simple example, and limiting case, is a family of concentric tori (Figure 1b).To distinguish between the allowable arrangements, freeze fracture TEM micrographs of representative biological (L-α phosphotidylcholine: L-α PC) and surfactant (sodium heptylnonyl benzenesulfonate: SHBS)liposomes are compared to mathematically derived sections of Dupin cyclides and concentric spheres.

Human Enamel Replication

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
Norman L. Dockum ◽  
John G. Dockum
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics

Ultrastructural characteristics of fractured human enamel and acid-etched enamel were compared using acetate replicas shadowed with platinum and palladium. Shadowed replications of acid-etched surfaces were also obtained by the same method.Enamel from human teeth has a rod structure within which there are crystals of hydroxyapatite contained within a structureless organic matrix composed of keratin. The rods which run at right angles from the dentino-enamel junction are considered to run in a straight line perpendicular to the perimeter of the enamel, however, in many areas these enamel rods overlap, interlacing and intertwining with one another.

A TEM microscopical investigation of the magnetic domain structure of a metastable austenitic stainless steel

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 696-697
Author(s):  
G. Fourlaris ◽  
T. Gladman
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Medium Carbon Steel ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

Stainless steels have widespread applications due to their good corrosion resistance, but for certain types of large naval constructions, other requirements are imposed such as high strength and toughness , and modified magnetic characteristics.The magnetic characteristics of a 302 type metastable austenitic stainless steel has been assessed after various cold rolling treatments designed to increase strength by strain inducement of martensite. A grade 817M40 low alloy medium carbon steel was used as a reference material.The metastable austenitic stainless steel after solution treatment possesses a fully austenitic microstructure. However its tensile strength , in the solution treated condition , is low.Cold rolling results in the strain induced transformation to α’- martensite in austenitic matrix and enhances the tensile strength. However , α’-martensite is ferromagnetic , and its introduction to an otherwise fully paramagnetic matrix alters the magnetic response of the material. An example of the mixed martensitic-retained austenitic microstructure obtained after the cold rolling experiment is provided in the SEM micrograph of Figure 1.

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