scholarly journals Perbandingan Peta Gempa pada Analisis Potensi Likuefaksi (Studi Kasus Jalan Tol Ruas Probolinggo – Banyuwangi Seksi II)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Ahmad Faisal Amri ◽  
Ikhya Ikhya
Keyword(s):  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Loose Sand ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Fines Content ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Land Using

ABSTRAKProbolinggo Jawa timur memiliki sesar yang berpotensi akan terjadinya gempa. Sesar Probolinggo bergerak sebesar 0,2 mm per tahun. Pasir lepas yang terdapat pada jalan tol Probolinggo – Banyuwangi ini sebagai salah satu indikasi potensi likuefaksi. Analasis potensi likuefaksi menggunakan metode Seed et al (1985). Analisis potensi likuefaksi pada tanah ini menggunakan beberapa peta gempa dan variasi fines content pada tanah. Perbedaan percepatan gempa dan fines content pada beberapa peta gempa tersebut akan menunjukan pengaruh pada potensi terjadinya likuefaksi pada tanah. Hasil penelitian tanah dengan kandung fines content 35 % terjadi likuefaksi lebih sedikit dibanding tanah dengan kandungan fines content yang lebih kecil. Hal tersebut terjadi karena nilai fines content berpengaruh pada hasil CRR. Peta gempa dengan periode ulang lebih besar memiliki percepatan gempa besar sehinnga terjadi titik likuefaksi lebih banyak dibanding peta gempa dengan periode ulang lebih kecil. Hal tersebut terjadi karena percepatan gempa berpengaruh pada nilai CSR.Kata Kunci: CSR, CRR, fines content, likuefaksi, percepatan gempa ABSTRACTProbolinggo, East Java has a fault that has the potential to cause an earthquake. The Probolinggo Fault moves by 0.2 mm per year. The loose sand found on the Probolinggo – Banyuwangi toll road is an indication of the potential for liquidation. Analysis of the potential for liquefaction using the method of Seed et al (1985). Analysis of the potential for liquefaction on this land using several earthquake maps and variations in soil content. The difference in earthquake acceleration and fines content on some earthquake maps will show the effect on the potential occurrence of liquefaction on the ground. The results of soil research with 35% fines content have fewer liquefaction compared to soil with smaller fines content. This happens because the value of fines content affects the CRR results. Earthquake maps with greater return periods have large earthquake acceleration so that there are more liquefaction points than earthquake maps with smaller return periods. This happens because the earthquake acceleration affects the value of CSR.Keywords: CSR, CRR, fines content, liquefaction, earthquake acceleration

scholarly journals Comparative study of accuracy of differential global positioning system (DGPS) and total station instruments

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Didigwu Augustus Ugonna Sunday ◽  
Ogbe David .O
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Total Station ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Optical Distance ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Similar Survey ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Land Using

Total Station and Global Positioning System (GPS) are two instruments used to fix position on the earth. The total station employs electro-optical distance meter method, emitting laser beams to a target and detecting light reflected off it by measuring the deviation of the wavelength of the reflected light. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite for rapid position determination, its’ receiver calculates its position by precisely turning the signal sent by GPS satellite high above the earth. The study aims at the assessment of the two instruments: GPS and Total Station. To achieve this aim, two surveys were performed on the same parcel of land using the two instruments. In the first part of the survey, a closed-loop traverse was performed around a chosen parcel of land using a calibrated total station. The station determined only coordinates of points from where bearings and distances were extracted. Thereafter, DGPS equipment was then used to perform a similar survey as the total station. In this case, visible satellites were used to determine the coordinates of all the stations. The results of the two methods present the distances, bearings, and coordinates. The difference between each of the results was also analyzed. Thus the maximum average difference in distance of 5mm occurred throughout the chainage and maximum differences in the coordinate of 12mm Easting and 9mm Northing were found where there are tree covers. However, the study shows that even though the two instruments are good tools for positioning, each exhibited it’s own accuracy, efficiency, advantages and disadvantage.

How strong will be the following earthquake?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Gentili ◽  
Rita Di Giovambattista
Keyword(s):  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Strong Aftershock ◽  
Completeness Magnitude ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
Independent Decision ◽  
Small Clusters

<p>In this study, we have applied to northeastern Italy and western Slovenia medium-low seismicity an algorithm for strong aftershock forecasting we originally developed for medium-high seismicity in Italy (Gentili and Di Giovambattista, 2017). The method, called NESTORE (Next STrOng Related Earthquake), analyzes the seismicity after medium and strong earthquakes, in order to forecast if a subsequent large earthquake (SLE) will follow. A SLE following a main shock can cause significant damages to already weakened buildings and infrastructures, therefore a timely advisory information to the civil protection is of great interest for effective decision-making. We performed the analysis on different time-spans after the mainshock, in order to simulate the increase of information available as time passes during the seismic clusters. NESTORE subdivides the clusters of seismicity into two classes: “A” if the difference in magnitude between the mainshock and the strongest aftershock is lower than 1, and B otherwise. Several statistical features based on time-space and energy evolution of seismicity are analyzed separately and, if they are sufficiently informative for SLE forecasting, they are used for independent decision trees training. The results are merged together by a Bayesian approach, obtaining a time-dependent probability Prob(A) to have an A cluster, i.e. to have at least one SLE. This study is possible thanks to the OGS bulletins, an accurate local catalogue, characterized by low completeness magnitude, compiled by the National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics. We tested the method on 1976 highly destructive Friuli cluster (mainshock magnitude 6.5 — the strongest in the last 80 years in the region) and on two small clusters of seismicity in NE Italy in 2019, obtaining encouraging results: 6 hours after the mainshock, for two A clusters NESTORE supplies Prob(A)=98% while for the B one Prob(A)=2%.</p>

scholarly journals A Combination between Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (SCS) and Rational Method in a similar Conditions Water Shed

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Fathi ◽  
Neveen B. Abelmageed ◽  
M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Rational Method ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Unit Hydrograph ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Watershed Characteristics ◽  
Time Of Concentration ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peak Runoff

Studying watershed characteristics and choosing the most applicable methods to determine the amount of access rainfall that ran off is very important in many engineering applications, especially hydrology applications. That is to know the more suitable methods for protection against floods and to maximize benefits from the excess water. This study aims to establish a relation between the rational method and the SCS method. A subbasin in Wadi Dahab in Sinai, Egypt is investigated as a study area. To achieve the study aims, HEC-WMS software is chosen, which can analyze a watershed by using DEM and delineating basin. It calculates also important watershed parameters like area, runoff distances, and slope. The rainfall data is compiled and arranged. A statical analysis is executed to obtain the IDF curves. Hyfran-plus software is employed to locate the maximum depths for different return periods. Various values for the time of concentration are studied. It is concluded that the difference between the rational and SCS methods is great for the time of concentration till 2 hours, then it decreases obviously from 2 till 6 hours. Also, it is concluded that the difference between the two methods is bigger for the small return periods of 2 and 5 years for all values of the time of concentration. Employing the obtained equations, the peak runoff for one of the two methods (the rational and SCS methods) can be calculated knowing the time of concentration and the peak runoff for the second method.  

scholarly journals Tsunami evacuation facility choice behavior model in flat area and rias area considering possibility to remain at home

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yoshihara ◽  
Tatsuya Kishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Great Earthquake ◽  
Selection Probability ◽  
Flat Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The tsunami associated with the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 caused enormous damage to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Since the occurrence of the Great Earthquake, it is urgent to develop tsunami evacuation countermeasures against the great tsunamis caused by the large earthquake that is expected to occur in the future in the country and coastal municipalities. In this study, we used logit model to estimate each parameters about the relationship between evacuees and buildings in flat area and rias area by using the evacuation behavior survey data of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The estimated results show that “whether the evacuation destination is home or not” is important when people choose the tsunami evacuation destination. Moreover, by comparing the moving in flat area and in rias area the difference between them becomes clear. By using these models, it enables to estimate the home selection probability in flat area and rias area.

scholarly journals The impact of truck access restriction on toll road traffic performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 03013
Author(s):  
Nahry Yusuf ◽  
Grace Helen Yuliana Tambun
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Flow Density ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Speed Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The freight vehicle access restriction policy in 2011 has had an impact on the performance of the Jakarta Intra Urban Toll way (JIUT) system. Though most of the truck operators are not in favour of this policy, truck restriction has become common strategy to reduce congestion in many cities in the world. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of the existence of trucks in the traffic stream on the JIUT system. The analysis will show the impact of access restriction on the toll road performance from a macroscopic point of view, which is represented by the speed - flow - density model. The model will be calibrated by the data of 24-hour observation in a certain segment of JIUT. The model when the trucks are prohibited to use in that condition will be compared to the one when the trucks are allowed to travel. The difference between both models will indicate the impact of the policy. The comparison between both conditions shows a 28.17% better speed performance based on free flow speed and 28.17% higher efficiency at maximum flow rate. This study will benefit the toll operator as well as local transport authority in making decisions on similar policy in order to gain a more optimal advantage of the implementation.

scholarly journals Anomalous ELF phenomena in the Schumann resonance band as observed at Moshiri (Japan) in possible association with an earthquake in Taiwan

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hayakawa ◽  
A. P. Nickolaenko ◽  
M. Sekiguchi ◽  
K. Yamashita ◽  
Y. Ida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radio Wave ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Lightning Activity ◽  
Schumann Resonance ◽  
Resonance Modes ◽  
Spectral Modification ◽  
Resonance Band ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Path Lengths ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. The ELF observation at Moshiri (geographic coordinates: 44.29° N, 142.21° E) in Hokkaido, Japan, was used to find anomalous phenomena in the Schumann resonance band, possibly associated with a large earthquake (magnitude of 7.8) in Taiwan on 26 December 2006. The Schumann resonance signal (fundamental (n=1), 8 Hz; 2nd harmonic, 14 Hz, 3rd harmonic, 20 Hz, 4th, 26 Hz etc.) is known to be supported by electromagnetic radiation from the global thunderstorms, and the anomaly in this paper is characterized by an increase in intensity at frequencies from the third to fourth Schumann resonance modes mainly in the BEW component with a minor corresponding increase in the BNS component also. Spectral modification takes place only in the interval of 21:00 UT±1 h, which corresponds to the global lightning activity concentrated in America. While distortions were absent in other lightning-active UT intervals, in particular, around 08:00 UT±1 h (Asian thunderstorms) and around 15±1 h (African lightning activity). The anomaly occurred on 23 December three days prior to the main shock. The results observed were explained in terms of ELF radio wave perturbation caused by the lower ionospheric depression around the earthquake epicenter. The difference in the path lengths between the direct radio wave from an active global thunderstorm center and the wave scattered from the non-uniformity above Taiwan causes interference at higher resonance modes, which is successful in explaining the observational data.

scholarly journals Improved Mixed Distribution Model Considering Historical Extraordinary Floods under Changing Environment

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhu Li ◽  
Yanchen Zheng ◽  
Yimin Wang ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Ping Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Flood Frequency Analysis ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Design Flood ◽  
Mixed Distribution ◽  
Pearson Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pearson Type Iii Distribution

Historical extraordinary floods are an important factor in non-stationary flood frequency analysis and they may occur at any time, regardless of whether the environment is changing or not. Based on mixed distribution (MD) modeling, this paper proposed an improved mixed distribution (IMD) model to consider the discontinuity and non-stationarity of flood samples simultaneously, which adds historical extraordinary floods in both sub-series divided by a change point. As a case study, the annual maximum peak discharge and volume series of Ankang hydrological station, located in the upper Hanjiang River Basin of China, were selected to identify non-stationarity by using the variation diagnosis system. MD and IMD were used to fit the flood characteristic series and a genetic algorithm was employed to estimate the optimal parameters. Compared with the design flood values fitted by the stationary Pearson type-III distribution, the results computed by IMD decreased at low return periods and increased at high return periods, with the difference varying from −6.67% to 7.19%. The results highlighted that although the design flood values of IMD are slightly larger than those of MD with different return periods, IMD provided a better result than MD. IMD provides a new perspective for non-stationary flood frequency analysis.

scholarly journals Household Income Differences between Residential Distance from the Toll Road in Indonesian Suburban Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Tiara Ariyanda ◽  
Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Toll Roads ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Residential Distance ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Toll roads play a significant role in regional development. Moreover, toll roads affect the behavioral patterns of the people who reside in the surrounding areas and the region's development. Toll roads improve accessibility to resources that lead to higher productivity and ultimately foster economic growth. This paper aims to examine the difference in household income levels between suburban areas before the construction of Bakauheni–Terbanggi Besar toll road in 2014 and after the toll road construction in 2017. Toll road construction is associated with society's income; the areas closer to the toll road are inclined to have higher income levels. Furthermore, the construction of a toll road creates socio-economic opportunities and improves accessibility for society. This research used an income effect model to develop transformational household changes using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Regression. It is discovered that there is a behavioral correlation both in and between the households that leads to shifts in the work sector, income level, health, and education. This research showed that households' income is significantly increased after toll construction. Residential distance from toll also has a strong correlation with income, which households residing closer to the toll road have earned more income than those residing farther.

scholarly journals Effect of Epicenter Data Inconsistency in Determining Bandwidth and Its Subsequent Use in Hazard Analysis for Chennai Using Kernel Smoothing Approach

2016 ◽  
pp. 1439-1453
Author(s):  
C. K. Ramanna ◽  
G. R. Dodagoudar
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Kernel Density Estimator ◽  
Density Estimator ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Spatial Activity ◽  
Activity Rate ◽  
Data Inconsistency ◽  
The Difference

The most important parameter in the kernel density estimator is the bandwidth or spread or window width. The bandwidth of the kernel density estimator, which follows the power law, is determined using the nearest neighborhood technique for the earthquake catalog which is divided into bins. For reliable hazard estimates, the magnitude bins used in developing the power law and estimating the spatial activity rate density function should be the same. It is important that consistency be maintained between the earthquake epicenters used in determining the bandwidth and the epicenters to which the bandwidth is applied subsequently. In this paper, the effect of epicenter data inconsistency on hazard estimates for various return periods for Chennai is evaluated. Two methods of binning are used, one in which the epicenters used in deriving the bandwidth is in line with the epicenters used in arriving at the spatial activity rate and the other where the epicenters used in deriving the bandwidth are just grouped by dividing the catalogue into equal bins. Seismic hazard estimations are compared using these two approaches of forming the magnitude bins for Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) values obtained from Binning Methods 1 and 2 for 475 years return period are 0.0955g and 0.0802g respectively. The difference in PGA and peak spectral acceleration (PSA) from the two binning methods ranges from 20 to 10% with respect to Binning Method 1 for the return periods of 72 to 2475 years.

scholarly journals The Effects of Admixtures Addition on Slump Decrease and Concrete Compressive Strength at B-1 Concrete Works

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Basuki Setiyo Budi ◽  
Supriyadi ◽  
Edy Suhartono ◽  
Mawardi ◽  
Sukoyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Class B ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concrete Casting

Semarang - Solo Toll Road is part of the Trans Java highway, which has a strategic meaning in the development of road networks, specifically in Central Java and also on a regional scale. The construction project generally consists of excavation work, stockpiles and bridge work. The number of work in the project therefore allows the emergence of a problem that can hinder the development process and one of which was related to concrete casting in the construction of the Kali Putih Bridge 1, where there was a slump decrease in columns P1 and P3 concrete pre-casting (30 Mpa). However, a slump test was carried out on column P1 in STA. 61 + 368,500, and P3 in STA. 61 + 293,500, which resulted in 3.5 cm and 4 cm collapse respectively. Hence, they did not meet specification on B-1 concrete, which was 7.5 ± 2.5 cm. In addition, Superplasticizer was used to overcome this problem, as it was capable of restoring freshness/workability. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the effect of the incorporating superplasticizer and retarder into concrete, on its compressive strength, slump decrease, and time, utilizing 24 test cylindrical specimens (7-days and 14-days), through pressure testing. Furthermore, the slump testing was conducted every 20 minutes for 120 minutes, to determine the reduction time, and the findings further indicated that adding a retarder to class B-1 concrete was capable of increasing the functional period (67 minutes on a slump of 7 ± 2.5 cm). However, the addition of Superplasticizer was also able to repair the slumps, which did not meet the requirements, including the specimen that involved the incorporation of a retarder (82.5 minutes, which resulted in a 1.9 cm slump that was further increased to 17.5 cm after augmentation. Furthermore, these effects were due to its ability to reduce the compressive strength by 3.13% and 6.14% on the 7-days and 14-day specimens, respectively. However, the SPSS v.23.0 test results showed the difference in compressive strength between the normal concrete + retarder and normal concrete + retarder + SP, with a sig value of 0.021 <a = 0.05 (Turkey HSD Test) and 0.0009 <a 0.05 (LSD Test).

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