scholarly journals Soil bulk density and soil moisture calculated with a FORTRAN 77 program.

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Starr ◽  
J.M. Geist
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Fortran 77

scholarly journals Effects of winter wheat season tillage on soil properties and yield of summer maize  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Yunqi ◽  
Zhang Yinghua ◽  
Wang Zhimin ◽  
Tao Hongbin ◽  
Zhou Shunli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Grain Filling Rate

The North China Plain (NCP) serves as China’s second most important maize production region. Rotary tillage, a popular method used in winter wheat/summer maize systems in the region, has adverse effects on maize production. The current study was conducted to determine whether rotary tillage after subsoiling in the winter wheat season (RS) improves the grain-filling rate and yield of summer maize by decreasing soil bulk density, when compared with rotary tillage (R), in the NCP. The RS treatment decreased soil bulk density and increased soil moisture in the summer maize season when compared with the R treatment. Root number under the RS treatment at 8 collar and silking stages was 22.4−35.3% and 8.0−11.7% greater than under the R treatment, respectively. The RS treatment significantly enhanced the grain-filling rate and grain weight as compared to the R treatment. Yield, thousand grain weight, biomass, and harvest index under the RS treatment were 7.7, 7.2, 2.3 and 5.3% higher than under the R treatment. Thousands grain weight was correlated with soil bulk density and soil moisture after silking. Consequently, the increase in grain weight and yield of summer maize resulted from the decrease in soil bulk density and a consequent increase in soil moisture, root number and grain-filling rate.  

scholarly journals Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wininton M. da Silva ◽  
Aloísio Bianchini ◽  
Cesar A. da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Resistance Value

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the behavior of models for adjusting data of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density. The study was carried out in Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Brazil in a typic dystrophic red-yellow Latosol (Oxisol) containing 0.366 kg kg−1 of clay. Soil penetration resistance measurements were conducted in the soil moistures of 0.33 kg kg−1, 0.28 kg kg−1, 0.25 kg kg−1 and 0.22 kg kg−1. Soil penetration resistance behavior due to variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density was assessed by estimating the soil resistance values by non-linear models. There was an increase of the soil penetration resistance values as soil was losing moisture. For the same edaphic condition studied, small differences in the data of soil bulk density affect differently the response of soil resistance as a function of moisture. Both soil bulk density and soil moisture are essential attributes to explain the variations in soil penetration resistance in the field. The good representation of the critical soil bulk density curve as a limiting compression indicator requires the proper choice of the restrictive soil resistance value for each crop.

scholarly journals Machinery-Induced Damage to Soil and Remaining Forest Stands—Case Study from Slovakia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289
Author(s):  
Zuzana Dudáková (Allmanová) ◽  
Michal Allman ◽  
Ján Merganič ◽  
Katarína Merganičová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Size Type ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with the damage of the remaining stand and soil caused by harvesting using three ground-based forest operations methods (harvester-forwarder/cable skidder/animal-tractor). It compares the impact of the most common harvesting technologies applied in Slovakia and in Central Europe and thus contributes with valuable information to the knowledge on the suitability of their application in forests stands dominated by broadleaved tree species. Harvesting was performed in five forest stands located at the University Forest Enterprise of Technical University in Zvolen in central Slovakia from August to October 2019. Damage to remaining trees was assessed from the point of its size, type, and position of damage along stem. We expected lower damage of remaining trees in stands where harvesters were used because of the applied cut-to-length short wood system and fully mechanized harvesting system. In addition, we examined soil bulk density and soil moisture content in ruts, space between ruts, and in undisturbed stand to reveal the impact of harvesting machinery on soil. We expected greater soil bulk densities and lower soil moisture content in these stands due to the greatest weight of harvesters and in ruts created by machinery compared with undisturbed stand soil. The highest percentage of damaged remaining trees equal to 20.47% and 23.36% was recorded for harvester forest operations, followed by skidder (19.44%) and animal forest operations with 19.86% and 14.47%. Factorial ANOVA confirmed significant higher soil compaction in stands where harvesters were used (higer bulk density) than in stands where skidding was performed with the skidder and animal power. Higher soil moisture content was recorded in ruts created by harvesters and the skidder. The lowest soil moisture content was in undisturbed stands irrespective of the applied forest operation method.

Dynamics of Soil Microbial Properties of Substrate in Vegetation Restoration of Rock Slope

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 237-240
Author(s):  
Zhen Ru Wu ◽  
Guo Mei Jia ◽  
Li Na Cao ◽  
Fang Qing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Rock Slope ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Microbial Properties ◽  
Soil Microbial

Soil microbial properties have been proved to be powerful indicators of soil quality. This study analyzed the changes in soil moisture content, soil bulk density and porosity, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and microbial biomass of Substrate in vegetation restoration of Rock Slope. The results showed that soil moisture, soil porosity, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and C/N increased significantly, and soil bulk density decreased gradually compared with bare rock Slope. Therefore, the results suggested that the vegetation restoration of Rock Slope could improve soil quality.

Laboratory calibration of different soil moisture sensors in various soil types

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urša Pečan ◽  
Damijana Kastelec ◽  
Marina Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Dry Soil

<p>Measurements of soil water content are particularly useful for irrigation scheduling. In optimal conditions, field data are obtained through a dense grid of soil moisture sensors. Most of the currently used sensors for soil water content measurements, measure relative permittivity, a variable which is mostly dependant on water content in the soil. Spatial variability of soil characteristics, such as soil texture and mineralogy, organic matter content, dry soil bulk density and electric conductivity can also alter measurements with dielectric sensors. So the question arises, whether there is a need for a soil specific calibration of such sensors and is it dependant on the type of sensor? This study evaluated the performance of three soil water content sensors (SM150T, Delta-T Devices Ltd, UK; TRIME-Pico 32, IMKO micromodultechnik GmbH, DE; MVZ 100, Eltratec trade, production and services d.o.o., SI) in nine different soil types in laboratory conditions. Our calibration approach was based on calibration procedure developed for undisturbed soil samples (Holzman et al., 2017). Due to possible micro location variability of soil properties, we used disturbed and homogenized soil samples, which were packed to its original dry soil bulk density. We developed soil specific calibration functions for each sensor and soil type. They ranged from linear to 5<sup>th</sup> order polynomial. We calculated relative and actual differences in sensor derived and gravimetrically determined volumetric soil water content, to evaluate the errors of soil water content measured by sensors which were not calibrated for soil specific characteristics. We observed differences in performance of different sensor types in various soil types. Our results showed measurements conducted with SM150T sensors were within the range of manufacturer specified measuring error in three soil types for which calibration is not necessary but still advisable for improving data quality. In all other cases, soil specific calibration is required to obtain relevant soil moisture data in the field.</p>

scholarly journals Data Grouping Method for the Purpose of Forecasting the Mechanical Strength of Plastic Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 578
Author(s):  
Dariusz Błażejczak ◽  
Jan Jurga ◽  
Jarosław Pytka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Data Grouping

The aim of this work was to develop a method of data grouping (DGM) that enables the selection of regression equations for forecasting soil penetration resistance based on an easily available and small set of input data: soil moisture content, soil bulk density and the grain size distribution of the soil. Models for forecasting the penetration resistance were created by selecting regression equations for specific intervals of granulometric variability of soil fractions. A field measurements campaign was conducted and soil samples were taken from the subsoil on 43 profiles, at depths of 25–30, 35–40, 45–50 and 55–60 cm. It was found that the dry bulk density is much less useful for predicting the penetration resistance of plastic soils than soil moisture. The study also showed that it is possible to forecast the soil penetration resistance on the basis of the gravimetric moisture content and the soil specific surface.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar on Soil Temperature under High Soil Surface Temperature in Coal Mined Arid and Semiarid Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8238
Author(s):  
Jibing Xiong ◽  
Runhua Yu ◽  
Ejazul Islam ◽  
Fuhai Zhu ◽  
Jianfeng Zha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

High soil surface temperature and loosened soil are major limiting factors of plant productivity in arid and semi-arid coal mining areas of China. Moreover, the extensive and illegitimate burning of crop residues is causing environmental pollution; whereas, these residues could be converted to biochar to benefit soil quality. In this study, the effect of wheat straw biochar (WSB) at rates of 0% (control, CK), 1% (low, LB), 2% (medium, MB) and 4% (high, HB) on soil temperature at different depths (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and moisture levels (10 and 20%) was investigated under high soil surface temperature of 50 °C and air humidity of 40%. Our data suggested that soil bulk density was inversely, and soil moisture was directly corelated with soil thermal parameters. Moreover, the increasing rate of WSB addition linearly decreased the soil thermal properties. The maximum decrease in soil bulk density at both moisture levels (10% and 20%) was measured in HB treatment compared to respective CKs. The highest decrease in soil thermal conductivity (59.8% and 24.7%) was found under HB treatment in comparison to respective controls (CK10% and CK20% moisture). The soil volumetric heat capacity was also strongly corelated with soil moisture content (r = 0.91). The WSB treatments displayed differential responses to soil temperature. Under 10% soil moisture, temperature of LB, MB and HB treatments was higher as compared to CK at 5–20 cm depth, and MB treated soil had the smallest increase in temperature. At the 15-cm depth, the MB treatment decreased the temperature by 0.93 °C as compared to the CK20%. Therefore, the effect of WSB on soil temperature was influenced by soil moisture content, soil depth and WSB application rates. It suggested that MB treatment could be a useful farming practice for mitigating soil temperature fluctuation.

scholarly journals The Influence of Soil Moisture on Infection of Peas by Pythium Ultimum

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Pea Seeds

The mode of action of soil moisture in influencing infection of peas by P. uUimum is examined. It is concluded that soil moisture per unit volume, soil moisture per unit weight, and moisture tension do not affect disease incidence directly. Experimental results indicate that the importance of soil moisture is in its influence on the amount of sugar exuded from pea seeds, and this determines disease incidence. Loss of sugar is also influenced by soil type (more sugar being exuded from peas in a non-aggregated sand than from those in aggregated soils) and by soil bulk density.

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