scholarly journals Detection of Paenibacillus larvae Spores in the Debris and Wax of Honey Bee by the Tween 80 Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bzdil
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
New Method ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Control Samples

The aim of the present study was to validate a new method of detection of Paenibacillus larvae spores in the debris and wax of honey bee and compare it with the method commonly used in the Czech Republic, i.e. the method based on dissolving wax components of samples in toluene or benzene and releasing them in a liquid medium. The new method builds on homogenization of the material at the temperature of 70 ± 2 °C, using distilled water and homogenization agent Tween 80. The spores are transferred from the suspension thus created to a liquid medium diluted and treated by heat (90 ± 2 °C) in order to destroy vegetative saprophytic microflora. This medium is then inoculated on solid culture media (blood agar and MYPGP with nalidixic acid) at individual doses of 0.2 ml. After five to eight-day incubation at 37 ± 1 °C, the suspected P. larvae colonies are counted and subjected to confirmation. The count of colonies multiplied by 100 represents the number of spores in 1 g of the material. Eleven debris control samples from circular test and 10 demonstrably positive debris samples containing P. larvae spores were used to compare both methods. The new method was independently tested on other 1,509 field samples of winter debris collected in protection areas around American foulbrood (AFB) outbreaks and examined from 1 January 2006 to 10 May 2006. Of these 1,509 field samples, 46 were P. larvae positive. The comparison of the number of spores found concurrently by both methods in 21 control samples and their benchmarking by the paired t-test method showed that the Tween method was significantly more effective in detection of P. larvae spores in the examined material than the commonly used Toluene method (the t value was -3.524). The test results indicate that the Tween method, as soon as it is tested and validated at other research sites, can be effective in examining the debris and wax of honey bee. Unlike Toluene method based on organic solvents, the Tween method is more acceptable from the point of view of fire protection, environment compatibility, waste disposal and occupational health and safety of laboratory staff. From the scientific perspective, the Tween method could play an important role in early diagnostics and subsequent control of the incidence of American foulbrood not only in the Czech Republic, but also in other countries worldwide.

scholarly journals American Foulbrood in the Czech Republic: ERIC II Genotype of Paenibacillus Larvae Is Prevalent

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Biová ◽  
Jaroslav Bzdil ◽  
Silvie Dostálková ◽  
Marek Petřivalský ◽  
Jan Brus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Consensus Classification

American foulbrood (AFB) is a dangerous disease of honeybees (Apis mellifera) caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. According to the ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus) classification, five genotypes are distinguished, i.e., I, II, III, IV, and V, which differ in their virulence and prevalence in colonies. In the Czech Republic, AFB prevalence is monitored by the State Veterinary Administration; however, the occurrence of specific P. larvae genotypes within the country remains unknown. In this study, our aim was to genotype field P. larvae strains collected in the Czech Republic according to the ERIC classification. In total, 102 field isolates from colonies with AFB clinical symptoms were collected from various locations in the Czech Republic, and the PCR genotypization was performed using ERIC primers. We confirmed the presence of both ERIC I and II genotypes, while ERIC III, IV, and V were not detected. The majority of samples (n = 82, 80.4%) were identified as ERIC II, while the ERIC I genotype was confirmed only in 20 samples (19.6%). In contrast to other European countries, the ERIC II genotype is predominant in Czech honeybee colonies. The ERIC I genotype was mostly detected in border regions close to Poland, Slovakia, and Austria.

scholarly journals Corrigendum: American Foulbrood in the Czech Republic: ERIC II Genotype of Paenibacillus Larvae Is Prevalent

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Biová ◽  
Jaroslav Bzdil ◽  
Silvie Dostálková ◽  
Marek Petřivalský ◽  
Jan Brus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
The Czech Republic

scholarly journals Paenibacillus larvae Phage Tripp Genome Has 378-Base-Pair Terminal Repeats

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Abraham ◽  
A.-C. Bousquet ◽  
E. Bruff ◽  
N. Carson ◽  
A. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Base Pair ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Terminal Repeats

Paenibacillus larvae bacteriophage Tripp was isolated from an American foulbrood diseased honey bee hive in North Carolina, USA. The 54,439-bp genome is 48.3% G+C, encodes 92 proteins, no tRNAs, and has 378-bp direct terminal repeats. It is currently unique in Genbank.

scholarly journals Screening of Paenibacillus Larvae Spores in Apiaries from Eastern Poland. Nationwide Survey. Part I

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Pohorecka ◽  
Marta Skubida ◽  
Andrzej Bober ◽  
Dagmara Zdańska
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Sheep Blood Agar ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Sheep Blood ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Culture Positive

Abstract Screening of the prevalence of Paenibacillus larvae spores in honey bee colonies in apiaries from 162 districts, belonging to nine provinces was carried out during 2009-2011. The honey samples were examined by the use of a culture method. Based on the number of CFUs grown on Columbia sheep blood agar medium, the level of infection and probability of American foulbrood outbreak was estimated. Altogether, 6,510 pooled honey samples from 32,550 bee colonies located in 2,294 apiaries were collected. P. larvae was identified in 45% of the surveyed apiaries. The widest distribution of P. larvae was found in the Małopolskie province. Culture-positive honey samples were obtained for 71% of the apiaries and in a half of them, the level of spores was high. In the Warmińsko-Mazurskie province, the presence of the bacterium was detected in 58% of the apiaries. In the remaining provinces, from 26% to 47% of the apiaries were contaminated with P. larvae spores

Interfunctional Coordination at Hi-Tech Firms

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Kanovska ◽  
Eva Tomaskova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
External Environment ◽  
New Method ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Company

The paper is focused on the determination of new knowledge about interfunctional coordination. Interfunctional coordination was defined at the beginning of 90s. It is the coordination of all company activities leading to the increase of business performance. Interfunctional coordination is connected with market orientation. It is one of necessary principle of market orientation. It is not possible to use market orientation without interfunctional coordination. Market orientation is based on marketing conception. The first detailed studies were offered by Kohli and Jaworski (1990) and Narver and Slater (1990). Market orientation is described as a method helping to contribute better managing of a company by many researchers. A lot of papers on this topic were publicized during the last two decades. The earliest papers involved the first definitions of market orientation; offered methods for its measuring; and investigated the impact of market orientation on business performance. The last attitudes towards market orientation agree that market orientation enables managers to focus on external and internal elements and activities, which influence the activity of a company leading to its performance increase (Tomaskova, 2009). At present, we have a lot of methods used for the measuring of market orientation. Using a proper method depends on the branch or economic system. The perception of the implementation of market orientation is changing during the period, as well. However, the main principle is still the same – market orientation has a positive impact on business performance. Nowadays, a lot of authors deal with the implementation of market orientation. Because of this reason, we have prepared research “Research on implementation on market orientation in Hi-Tech Firms” (GA 402/07/1493). The goal of the research was to detect barriers of the implementation of market orientation. We divided the barriers of the implementation into three parts according to managers’ influence in an internal, branch and external environment. State, economy and technologies are named as the main elements of external environment. The main barriers connected with the elements of branch environment are quality and quantity of branch stakeholders. Barriers of internal environment involve the barriers connected with the top management and its personality, skills, knowledge and experiences, all employees of a company and interfunctional coordination. The paper deals with the interfunctional coordination at hi-tech firms. The objective of the paper is to define barriers connected with interfunctional coordination and to detect the perception and importance of interfunctional coordination at hi-tech firms. The theoretical knowledge is noticed in some research studies. The data was acquired by means of a questionnaire. New Method measured market orientation in a company. The questionnaire New Method with 7-point Likert scale constituted by Tomaskova (2005) was used for the research. The complete database was analysed by using standard statistical methods (correlation analysis, Spearman correlation coefficient, chi-square) as well as other sophisticated techniques (Cronbach alpha). The main results of the research show that the level of market orientation at the hi-tech firms in the Czech Republic is high and confirm how important is gaining information and using this information inside the company for market orientation. The main results of the research confirm that interfunctional coordination is the base of market orientation. Hi-tech firms in the Czech Republic perceive interfunctional coordination as very necessary presumption for their future development and prosperity. The highest rate for this part received the following statements confirming positive company attitude for innovation, preference for teamwork and mutual cooperation in firms and also effort to be flexible. On the other hand, the lowest average rate had the statement describing relations between superiors and subordinates and their strictness and formalness.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.1.1224

scholarly journals Species of the genus Meligethes occurring in oil-seed crop fields in the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tóth ◽  
E. Hrudová ◽  
E. Sapáková ◽  
E. Závadská ◽  
M. Seidenglanz
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
The Individual ◽  
South Moravia ◽  
Observation Period

Identification of Meligethes species and their frequencies in adult samples collected at different localities in Central and South Moravia (Czech Republic, 2009–2011) was based on comparisons of morphometric and colour characters and on differences in male and female genitalia. M. aeneus, M. viridescens, M. subaeneus, M. atratus, and M. coracinus were recorded throughout the observation period, while M. nigrescens was recorded just in 2009 and 2011, M. carinulatus and M. maurus in 2010 and 2011. M. aeneus was the most frequent species of all compared samples (2009–2011). Of the accompanying species, M. subaeneus and M. viridescens were markedly more frequent in this study. Considering high resistance of M. aeneus to esteric pyrethroids, it could be helpful to distinguish among the individual Meligethes species occurring in field samples intended for laboratory testing.  

Prevalence of honeybee viruses in the Czech Republic and coinfections with other honeybee disease

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepan Ryba ◽  
Dalibor Titera ◽  
Iva Schodelbauerova-Traxmandlova ◽  
Pavel Kindlmann
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Nosema Apis ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Bee Virus ◽  
Ordination Diagram ◽  
Bee Viruses

AbstractSix bee viruses, which occur in Apis mellifera, were monitored in the Czech Republic between 2006 and 2009. Samples of larvae and pupae collected from hives where American foulbrood was detected were screened for bee viruses and in the 125 samples of larvae, there was no confirmed case of a larva infected with both American foulbrood and a bee virus. Of 145 samples infected with the protozoan Nosema apis, there were 23 cases of coinfections with the BQCV virus, 18 with the DWV virus and 11 with the ABPV virus. All coinfections with three or four viruses were also statistically significant apart from the one between ABPV with CBPV and DWV. The PCA ordination diagram indicates that BQCV occurs mainly with Nosema apis and DWV mainly with ABPV.

scholarly journals American foulbrood and its causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae, in New Zealand’s registered hives and apiaries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Samantha Amy Montrose Graham
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
American Foulbrood ◽  
Infection Rates

<p>Though the honey bee (Apis mellifera) is exposed to an extensive diversity of parasites and pathogens from multiple kingdoms, few are as devastating as American foulbrood. American foulbrood is a highly contagious bacterial disease, of which the causative agent (bacterium Paenibacillus larvae) infects honey bee brood through the ingestion of its spores, ultimately leading to the death of the infected larva and the collapse of the infected hive. Paenibacillus larvae’s genotypes (ERIC I-IV) exhibit differing ‘killing time’ of infected larvae, resulting in different larval and colony level virulence of the disease within hives.  American foulbrood is found in New Zealand’s registered hives, and poses a threat to the country’s apiculture industry. The first objective of this thesis was to perform a genetic analysis on New Zealand’s P. larvae field strains using the well-established methodology of rep-PCR with MBO REP1 primers. A total of 172 bacteria isolates were gathered from registered hives from 2011 to 2014 and examined. The MBO REP1 primer identifies the ‘beta’ genetic subgroups of P. larvae. By identifying beta subgroups, the ERIC genotypes that are present in New Zealand can also be concluded. The genetic analysis of P. larvae using rep-PCR is a first for New Zealand, and appears to be a first for Australasia. The second objective of this thesis was to conduct a temporal and geographical statistical analysis on American foulbrood infection rate trends in New Zealand’s national and regional, divided into seven regions, registered hives and apiaries from 1994 to 2013.  The genetic analysis of P. larvae detected three ‘beta’ genotypic subgroups: B, b, and Б. From these findings it was concluded that ERIC I and ERIC II are present in New Zealand. Previous to my findings, subgroup B and Б and ERIC II genotype had not been recorded outside of Europe. The statistical analysis reported that American foulbrood infection rates were significantly decreasing nationally. Results also reported that four of the seven regions’ infection rates were significantly decreasing, whilst three regions were significantly increasing.  Conclusions on the subgroups and genotypes present in New Zealand gives the first insight to the virulence and occurrence of P. larvae strains. Additionally, the use of rep-PCR for the genetic analysis of P. larvae enables this thesis to contribute to the increasing knowledge on American foulbrood. By examining the temporal and geographic dynamics of American foulbrood, the results allow for the evaluation of current management strategies and the most recent understanding on the national and regional infection rates of the disease.</p>

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