scholarly journals The effects of simulated microgravity on skeletal muscle of Japanese quail: transmission electron microscopic study

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Holovská ◽  
Viera Almášiová ◽  
Viera Cigánková ◽  
Peter Škrobánek
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Giant Mitochondria ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
And Control

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity (hypodynamia) on the structure of the skeletal muscle (m. gastrocnemius) in developing Japanese quail by transmission electron microscopy. Samples of muscle tissues from experimental (n = 28) and control (n = 28) birds were collected at day 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 of age. The structure of m. gastrocnenmius was changed depending on hypodynamia length. The first extensive structural changes were found on day 14 of age. The mitochondria were enlarged and the spaces between the myofibrils were slightly extended compared to control. The sarcomeres were irregular and lipid droplets occurred in the sarcoplasm. Further developmental changes occurred on day 28 of age. Mitochondria fused into the giant mitochondria which frequently exceeded the length of one sarcomere. Moreover, at 42 days of age, beside the above mentioned changes, sarcoplasmic reticulum was dilated and the number of mitochondrial cristae was reduced. However, the structure of m. gastrocnemius on day 56 was less damaged compared to the damage observed on day 42 of age. Presented results indicate that the continuous stay of male Japanese quail under simulated microgravity has a negative impact on the structure of m. gastrocnemius, but also the ability of muscle tissue to cope with these specific conditions.

THE EFFECTS OF A CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE ON SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES WITHIN NERVE CELLS AND THEIR PROCESSES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA AND SKELETAL MUSCLE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Birks
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pronounced Increase

Nerve cells and their processes in cat sympathetic ganglia and frog skeletal muscle have shown on electron microscopic examination alterations in subcellular morphology as a result of treatment with digoxin. Non-nervous cells were unaffected by the drug. These changes included, in ganglia, swelling of the affected cells, shrinkage of mitochondria with pronounced increase in internal density, swelling of Nissl substance in nerve cell bodies, and loss of structural detail in nerve processes. At the myoneural junction the motor nerve endings were swollen, mitochondria were altered, and the synaptic vesicles were reduced in numbers, those that remained being swollen. These changes were accompanied by invagination of the axon surface by Schwann cell processes.Cell swelling, but not the subcellular changes, was prevented by substitution of sulphate for chloride ions in the extracellular space. When the extracellular sodium ion concentration was reduced to 20 meq/l. the cells were completely protected against digoxin. It is concluded that swelling is caused by net uptake of sodium and chloride as a result of the known inhibitory action of digoxin on sodium extrusion by nerve cells. The possibility that these structural changes in subcellular organelles may be caused by a raised concentration of intracellular sodium ions, such as might occur during activity of excitable cells, is discussed.

scholarly journals Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Modified Chloroplasts in Senescing Broccoli Florets

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Terai ◽  
Alley E. Watada ◽  
Charles A. Murphy ◽  
William P. Wergin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Structural changes in chloroplasts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica group) florets during senescence were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with freeze-fracture technique, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to better understand the process of chloroplast degradation, particularly at the advanced stage of senescence. Light microscopy revealed that chloroplasts, which initially were intact and green, became obscure in shape, and their color faded during senescence. Small, colored particles appeared in cells as the florets approached the final stage of senescence and became full- to dark-yellow in color. Scanning electron microscopy showed that stroma thylakoids in the chloroplast initially were parallel to each other and grana thylakoids were tightly stacked. As senescence advanced, the grana thylakoids degenerated and formed globules. The globules became larger by aggregation as senescence progressed, and the large globules, called “thylakoid plexus,” formed numerous vesicles. The vesicles ultimately were expelled into the cytosol, and the light microscope revealed many colored particles in the senescent cells. These results indicate that the degradation of chloroplasts in broccoli florets progresses systematically, with the final product being colored particles, which are visible in yellow broccoli sepal cells.

THE EFFECTS OF A CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE ON SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES WITHIN NERVE CELLS AND THEIR PROCESSES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA AND SKELETAL MUSCLE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Birks
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pronounced Increase

Nerve cells and their processes in cat sympathetic ganglia and frog skeletal muscle have shown on electron microscopic examination alterations in subcellular morphology as a result of treatment with digoxin. Non-nervous cells were unaffected by the drug. These changes included, in ganglia, swelling of the affected cells, shrinkage of mitochondria with pronounced increase in internal density, swelling of Nissl substance in nerve cell bodies, and loss of structural detail in nerve processes. At the myoneural junction the motor nerve endings were swollen, mitochondria were altered, and the synaptic vesicles were reduced in numbers, those that remained being swollen. These changes were accompanied by invagination of the axon surface by Schwann cell processes.Cell swelling, but not the subcellular changes, was prevented by substitution of sulphate for chloride ions in the extracellular space. When the extracellular sodium ion concentration was reduced to 20 meq/l. the cells were completely protected against digoxin. It is concluded that swelling is caused by net uptake of sodium and chloride as a result of the known inhibitory action of digoxin on sodium extrusion by nerve cells. The possibility that these structural changes in subcellular organelles may be caused by a raised concentration of intracellular sodium ions, such as might occur during activity of excitable cells, is discussed.

Skeletal-muscle ultrastructural pathology in patients with sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS)

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 764-765
Author(s):  
A. Márquez ◽  
N.L. Diaz ◽  
H.J. Finol ◽  
M.E. Correa
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Multiple Organ Failure ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Electron Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Definition Of

To date the most accepted definition of sepsis includes the suspicion of infection plus the systemic response to it (tachypnea, tachycardia and hypothermia or hyperthermia). This condition could lead to the so called multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS) when there are evidences of flinctional compromise in two or more systems. Muscle weakness and wasting are common findings in those patients. The skeletal muscle histopathology in patients with those two conditions has been poorly studied. The only electron microscopic investigation we could find describes alterations in muscle fibers and endplates.In this work we describe the whole spectrum of changes found in skeletal muscle of patients suffering from sepsis and MOFS.Five patients recluded in an Intensive Care Unit were selected, two had a diagnosis of sepsis, and three presented MOFS. Needle muscle biopsies from quadriceps femoris muscle were obtained. Tissue samples were processed with routine techniques for transmission electron microscopy and observed in a Hitachi H-500 electron microscope.

Research on Structural and Ultra-Structural Changes of Grass Carp during Different Crisp Periods

2015 ◽  
Vol 1089 ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Fang Wu ◽  
Wan Ling Lin ◽  
Lai Hao Li ◽  
Xian Qing Yang ◽  
Shu Xian Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idellus ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Structural Differences

In order to study the influence of muscle structural changes on the special brittleness mechanism of crisp grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus C.et V, CGC) during different crisping process of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus, GC), samples were periodically acquired and then prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy during the whole process. For GC and CGC, all muscle tissues had typical features, whereas there were much more interstitial tissues and narrower intermyofibrillar spaces in CGC than those in GC. Meanwhile, the muscle fibers diameter, intermyofibrillar space and myofibrils to endomysium detachment lengths of GC were significantly decreased with increasing duration of crisping time. While the muscle fibers density and sarcomere lengths were significantly greater in CGC than in GC. In view of the structural and ultra-structural differences in these samples, it was conceivable to suggest that short muscle fiber diameter, high fiber density, narrow intermyofibrillar spaces and wide lengths of sarcomere were the main causes of increased muscle brittleness.

scholarly journals Autophagy up-regulation by early weaning in the liver, spleen and skeletal muscle of piglets

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaojin Zhang ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Xianghua Yan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Autophagic Activity ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Catabolic Process ◽  
Different Tissues

Autophagy, a catabolic process responsible for the degradation of cytosolic components and the preservation of cellular homeostasis in virtually all eukaryotic organisms, is up-regulated when nutrient supplies are limited. However, whether early weaning induces autophagy in infants is not completely clear. In the present study, we used piglets as the early-weaning model to examine the autophagic activity in different tissues in response to nutrient status. Western blot analysis demonstrated that microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II, a promising marker protein for macroautophagy, was expressed at a notably higher level at 12 and 24 h weaning treatments than without weaning treatment (P < 0·01), and that the p62 (sequestome 1; SQSTM1) expression level was significantly attenuated after weaning treatments (P < 0·01) in the liver, spleen and skeletal muscle tissues. In addition, autophagic vacuoles detected by transmission electron microscopy were dramatically accumulated in these tissues (P < 0·01). Together, these results indicate that autophagy induced by early weaning may be helpful for the physiological system, which controls the balance of energy and nutrients for basic cell functions in the piglet model.

Drought Induced Structural Changes in Developing Chloroplasts of Jalapeno Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 66-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Fambrough ◽  
Soumitra Ghoshroy
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Prolamellar Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pepper Plants

Chloroplasts, present in leaves of higher plants have an extensive, folded network of photosynthetic membranes. These membranes have closely appressed (grana) and non-appressed (stroma) regions and they are responsible for the conversion of solar energy into biochemically useful forms. Light plays an important role for the development of mature chloroplasts from proplastids. However, when seeds germinate in the dark, the proplastids do not form mature chloroplasts and instead they form etioplasts. The etioplasts contain a compact, highly regular lattice of inner membranes called prolamellar body. Exposure of dark grown seedlings to light induces formation of fully mature chloroplasts from etioplasts. Plant growth and development is dependent on various environmental factors and drought has profound effect on plant metabolism. Leaves depend on adequate water for both turgor pressure and photosynthesis. Turgor pressure enables nutrients in the form of carbon and minerals to be transported from soil to leaves where they are needed for synthesis of organic compounds. in this study we evaluated the influence of drought on the ultrastructure of developing chloroplasts in pepper plants.Jalapeno pepper plants were grown from seeds in the dark and drought was induced to experimental group of plants after they developed the first pair of primary leaves. The dark grown control plants received water throughout the drought induction period. At the end of tenth day of drought, plants in both control and experimental groups were exposed to light for up to 48 hours and leaf samples from both groups were obtained at various time intervals after exposure to light. The samples were fixed, dehydrated and embedded for transmission electron microscopy. Ultrathin sections were made, observed under a Hitachi H7000 TEM and data were collected for ultrastructural study. The mature chloroplast and etioplast structures were compared between experimental and control group of plants.

Electron Microscopy of the Camel Oviductal Epithelium During Early Pregnancy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 660-661
Author(s):  
Ramesh K. Nayak ◽  
Anwar Zein
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Oviductal Epithelium ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Microscopic Studies

The function of the oviduct is essential to the reproductive process of mammals since it allows the meeting of gametes and the beginning of embryonic development. A detailed account on the fine structural changes of the porcine oviductal epithelium during pregnancy has been published. Scanning electron microscopic features of the oviduct from estrus camels have been recently described. To the best of our knowledge, no transmission electron microscopic studies of the camel oviductal epithelium during pregnancy have been reported. The purpose of this study was to identify some of the fine structural changes occurring in the tubal epithelium during early pregnancy and to establish a basis for subsequent physiological and pathological studies.Specimens from the infundibulum region of the oviduct were obtained from 10 pregnant camels. In the present study, it was not possible to determine the exact stage of pregnancy.

scholarly journals Expression of the glucose transporter GLUT4 in the muscular dystrophic mdx mouse

1993 ◽  
Vol 291 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Olichon-Berthe ◽  
N Gautier ◽  
E Van Obberghen ◽  
Y Le Marchand-Brustel
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Mdx Mouse ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
And Control

Glucose transporter protein levels have been investigated in mdx and control (C57Bl/10) mice. Crude membrane fractions (microsomes plus plasma membranes) were prepared from skeletal muscle, heart, diaphragm and brain of 5-6-week-old and 6-7-month-old control and mdx mice. Using Western blot analysis with C-terminal-specific anti-peptide antibodies, we investigated the glucose transporters GLUT4 in the different muscle tissues and GLUT1 in brain. In skeletal tissue from the hindlegs, GLUT4 was increased by approximately 55% in mdx mice compared with control mice at both ages studied. In the diaphragm, the amount of GLUT4 protein was unchanged in young mdx mice, and was decreased by 37.4 +/- 4.7% in older mice compared with age-matched control mice. No difference was observed between mdx and control mice in the amounts of GLUT4 and GLUT1 in heart and brain preparations respectively. To determine whether the change in GLUT4 protein observed in the diaphragm and skeletal muscle of mdx mice was regulated through changes at the level of glucose transporter mRNA, Northern blot analyses were performed. In skeletal muscle, GLUT4 mRNA level per tissue was not different between the two groups of mice at both ages studied. In contrast, the decrease in the amount of GLUT4 protein observed in the diaphragm of 6-7-month-old mdx mice was accompanied by a decrease in the GLUT4 mRNA level. In conclusion, the levels of GLUT4 protein were modified in muscle tissues from mdx compared with control mice, and these modifications were different depending on the muscle involved and the age of the mice. An increase in the amount of GLUT4 protein in the skeletal muscle of mdx mice was not due to changes at the mRNA level. The diaphragms of 6-7-month-old mdx mice exhibited decreases in GLUT4 protein and mRNA levels that were not detected in young animals (5-6 weeks old).

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