scholarly journals Heterogeneity in influenza seasonality and vaccine effectiveness in Australia, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa: early estimates of the 2019 influenza season

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena G Sullivan ◽  
Carmen S Arriola ◽  
Judy Bocacao ◽  
Pamela Burgos ◽  
Patricia Bustos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Influenza Seasonality

We compared 2019 influenza seasonality and vaccine effectiveness (VE) in four southern hemisphere countries: Australia, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa. Influenza seasons differed in timing, duration, intensity and predominant circulating viruses. VE estimates were also heterogeneous, with all-ages point estimates ranging from 7–70% (I2: 33%) for A(H1N1)pdm09, 4–57% (I2: 49%) for A(H3N2) and 29–66% (I2: 0%) for B. Caution should be applied when attempting to use southern hemisphere data to predict the northern hemisphere influenza season.

scholarly journals Sixty years of radiocarbon dioxide measurements at Wellington, New Zealand 1954–2014

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn C. Turnbull ◽  
Sara E. Mikaloff Fletcher ◽  
India Ansell ◽  
Gordon Brailsford ◽  
Rowena Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Cape Grim

Abstract. We present 60 years of Δ14CO2 measurements from Wellington, New Zealand (41° S, 175° E). The record has been extended and fully revised. New measurements have been used to evaluate the existing record and to replace original measurements where warranted. This is the earliest atmospheric Δ14CO2 record and records the rise of the 14C "bomb spike", the subsequent decline in Δ14CO2 as bomb 14C moved throughout the carbon cycle and increasing fossil fuel CO2 emissions further decreased atmospheric Δ14CO2. The initially large seasonal cycle in the 1960s reduces in amplitude and eventually reverses in phase, resulting in a small seasonal cycle of about 2 ‰ in the 2000s. The seasonal cycle at Wellington is dominated by the seasonality of cross-tropopause transport, and differs slightly from that at Cape Grim, Australia, which is influenced by anthropogenic sources in winter. Δ14CO2 at Cape Grim and Wellington show very similar trends, with significant differences only during periods of known measurement uncertainty. In contrast, Northern Hemisphere clean air sites show a higher and earlier bomb 14C peak, consistent with a 1.4-year interhemispheric exchange time. From the 1970s until the early 2000s, the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Δ14CO2 were quite similar, apparently due to the balance of 14C-free fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the north and 14C-depleted ocean upwelling in the south. The Southern Hemisphere sites show a consistent and marked elevation above the Northern Hemisphere sites since the early 2000s, which is most likely due to reduced upwelling of 14C-depleted and carbon-rich deep waters in the Southern Ocean. This developing Δ14CO2 interhemispheric gradient is consistent with recent studies that indicate a reinvigorated Southern Ocean carbon sink since the mid-2000s, and suggests that upwelling of deep waters plays an important role in this change.

Intraseason decline in influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2016 southern hemisphere influenza season: A test-negative design study and phylogenetic assessment

Vaccine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (19) ◽  
pp. 2634-2641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette K. Regan ◽  
James E. Fielding ◽  
Monique B. Chilver ◽  
Kylie S. Carville ◽  
Cara A. Minney-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Design Study

Correction - The Australasian genera of pericomoid Psychodidae (Diptera) and the status of related Enderlein genera in the neotropics

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
DA Duckhouse
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
New Genera ◽  
The Status ◽  
Taxonomic Problem ◽  
Actual Relationship ◽  
Made In

Australasian pericomoids, psychodids resembling northern hemisphere species of Pericoma Walker (tribe Pericomini), are mostly members of the tribe Maruinini, here re-defined. Amongst Maruinini, they are like several neotropical genera named by Enderlein (1937), but their actual relationship to Enderlein's genera, and hence their identity, has been a long-standing taxonomic problem. Consideration of extensive new collections and observations made in the southern hemisphere now shows that they consist of the following: Genus Notiocharis Eaton. Tribe Maruinini: genus Didicrum Enderlein, and five new genera, Eremolobulosa, Rotundopteryx, Alloeodidicrurn, Satchellomyia and Ancyroaspis. Of these, the Australian Eremolobulosa is the possible sister group of the European Lobulosa Szabo, and the New Zealand genera Satchellomyia and Ancyroaspis are possible sister groups. Of Enderlein's neotropical genera, five classified by Quate (1963) as synonyms, or in one case a subgenus, of Pericoma (Didicrum, Desmioza, Synmormia, Syntomolaba and Podolepria) are recognised as full genera. A key to Australasian pericomoid genera is provided.

scholarly journals The movements of Alpine glaciers throughout the last 10,000 years as sensitive proxies of temperature and climate changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Walter Kutschera ◽  
Gernot Patzelt ◽  
Joerg M. Schaefer ◽  
Christian Schlüchter ◽  
Peter Steier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Cosmogenic Isotopes ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Surface Exposure Dating ◽  
Exposure Dating ◽  
Alpine Glaciers

A brief review of the movements of Alpine glaciers throughout the Holocene in the Northern Hemisphere (European Alps) and in the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand Southern Alps) is presented. It is mainly based on glacier studies where 14C dating, dendrochronology and surface exposure dating with cosmogenic isotopes is used to establish the chronology of advances and retreats of glaciers. An attempt is made to draw some general conclusions on the temperature and climate differences between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

The genusMycoblastusin the cool temperate Southern Hemisphere, with special reference to Tasmania

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras KANTVILAS
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Campbell Island ◽  
South Eastern Australia

AbstractThe genusMycoblastusin cool temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere is reviewed. Eight species are treated in detail:M. bryophilusImshaug ex Kantvilas sp. nov., from Campbell Island and Tasmania;M. campbellianus(Nyl.) Zahlbr.,M. coniophorus(Elix & A.W. Archer) Kantvilas & Elix comb. nov. andM. dissimulans(Nyl.) Zahlbr., all widespread across the austral region;M. disporus(C. Knight) Kantvilas comb. nov., from New Zealand and Tasmania;M. kalioruberKantvilas sp. nov, from Tasmania;M. sanguinarioidesKantvilas sp. nov., from Tasmania and south-eastern Australia; andM. leprarioidesKantvilas & Elix sp. nov., from south-eastern Australia (Victoria). Notes are provided on many other species ofMycoblastus, including those recognised for the Northern Hemisphere, and those originally described from austral regions but now excluded from the genus. Major characters of the genus are discussed, including thallus morphology and chemistry, apothecial pigments and ascus structure. It is suggested that the genus is heterogeneous and that some of its closest affinities may lie with the familyMegalariaceaeand the genusJapewia.

scholarly journals Molecular Ecology and Systematics of Blue  Mussels (Genus Mytilus) (Mytilidae; Bivalvia;  Mollusca) in the Southern Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristen Marie Westfall
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Kerguelen Islands ◽  
Blue Mussels ◽  
The World

<p>The Mytilus edulis species complex, comprised of M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus, is antitropically distributed in temperate coastal regions of all oceans and main seas of the world. This genus has been heavily studied in the Northern hemisphere but Southern hemisphere populations have received much less attention. This thesis aims to place Southern hemisphere blue mussels into global evolutionary relationships among Mytilus species and investigate aspects of their molecular ecology, including, effects of non-native Northern hemisphere species introductions, biogeography across the Southern hemisphere, regional phylogeographic patterns and population genetics within New Zealand. Southern hemisphere blue mussel phylogenetic reconstruction resulted in the detection of a monophyletic M. galloprovincialis lineage. Two new molecular markers developed with specificity for this lineage and congruence among phylogenetic investigations indicates a panhemispheric distribution of this M. galloprovincialis lineage with implications for naming a new sibling species of the M. edulis complex. This proposed new species, M. meridianus, is distributed in South America, the Kerguelen Islands, New Zealand and Australia at latitudes between ~ 30°S and ~ 55°S. Non-native M. galloprovincialis introduced from the Northern hemisphere have been present in NZ, Australia and Chile for at least ten years and hybridise with native blue mussels. Introgression is observed in New Zealand and Australian but not Chilean hybrid regions. The limited number of introduced mussels in Australia induces hybrid swamping of non-native alleles but an interlineage gender bias towards non-native maternal parents may result in eventual loss of the unique genomic content of native blue mussels in NZ. Southern hemisphere blue mussels form a monophyletic sister clade to a haplogroup shared by Northern hemisphere M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis. Although single gene histories are not congruent with respect to evolutionary relationships within the Northern hemisphere due to introgressive hybridisation after speciation, it is clear that Southern hemisphere blue mussels arose from a species native to the northeast Atlantic Ocean after speciation of the three ‘M. edulis complex’ members. Within the Southern hemisphere monophyletic clade lies three reciprocally monophyletic clades restricted to the geographic regions South America/Kerguelen Islands, New Zealand and Australia. Phylogeographic analysis indicates past gene flow between South American/Kerguelen Islands and New Zealand populations that has ceased at present day and ongoing gene flow between South America and the Kerguelen Islands likely via the West Wind Drift. Within NZ, population subdivision inferred from mtDNA indicates genetic variation is distributed within an east-west phylogeographic split on the North Island. These populations experienced gene flow in the past that has ceased at present day. Microsatellite allele frequencies indicate a different population subdivision within the northwest North Island that has been narrowed down to a 15 km stretch of coastline in a sheltered bay. The abrupt discontinuity within a small geographic area does not conform to classic population subdivision in this broad-cast spawning species, therefore, further investigation into the genomic content of northwest North Island mussels with respect to introgressed non-native genes is warranted. Resolving complex phylogenetic patterns from interspecific introgression is key to understanding the evolutionary history of Southern hemisphere M. galloprovincialis. Further characterisation of hybrid introgression would increase accuracy of (1) inferences of processes contributing to hybridisation dynamics and (2) population subdivision in NZ. Probing the basis for variation of hybridisation dynamics would help to predict the outcomes of Northern hemisphere M. galloprovincialis introductions in other areas of the world.</p>

scholarly journals Bioclimatic Modelling Identifies Suitable Habitat for the Establishment of the Invasive European Paper Wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) across the Southern Hemisphere

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Matthew W. F. Howse ◽  
John Haywood ◽  
Philip J. Lester
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Distribution Models

Species distribution models (SDMs) are tools used by ecologists to help predict the spread of invasive species. Information provided by these models can help direct conservation and biosecurity efforts by highlighting areas likely to contain species of interest. In this study, two models were created to investigate the potential range expansion of Polistes dominula Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the southern hemisphere. This palearctic species has spread to invade North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and more recently New Zealand. Using the BIOCLIM and MAXENT modelling methods, regions that were suitable for P. dominula were identified based on climate data across four regions in the southern hemisphere. In South America areas of central Chile, eastern Argentina, parts of Uruguay, and southern Brazil were identified as climatically suitable for the establishment of P. dominula. Similarly, southern parts of South Africa and Australia were identified by the model to be suitable as well as much of the North Island and east of the South Island of New Zealand. Based on outputs from both models, significant range expansion by P. dominula is possible across its more southern invaded ranges.

Amylostereum areolatum.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
North Africa ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Usa

Abstract A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with woodwasps of the genus Sirex. The species Sirexnoctilio is listed as "highly invasive" on the ISSG/IUCN website (ISSG, 2008) and is a Regulated Pest for the USA (APHIS, 2009a). The wasp and the fungus are native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia where their damage is considered secondary (Spradbery and Kirk, 1978). Introduced to areas of the Southern Hemisphere where exotic pine species are grown in plantations, these organisms have caused major losses. The insect invaded New Zealand by at least 1900, but did not cause serious concern until the 1940s (Talbot, 1977). It later spread to Tasmania and the southern parts of Australia and the wasp/fungus association was introduced into southern South America, beginning in Uruguay in 1980 (Ciesla, 2003). Invasion of South Africa occurred in 1994 (Tribe, 1995). Woodwasps are repeatedly detected in material imported to the USA, but were successfully excluded until 2004 (Wilson et al., 2009). The wasp and fungus were later found in nearby Canada (Ontario), although apparently due to a separate introduction (Bergeron et al., 2008; Wilson et al., 2009). Recent surveys found the wasp in four states of the USA (Evans-Goldner and Bunce, 2009) and 25 counties of Ontario in Canada (Shields, 2009). Schiff (2008) summarizes differences in complexity of the ecological situations in the Southern Hemisphere countries and North America that could affect spread and impact of the fungus and wasp.

scholarly journals Accounting for Nonconvergence in Global Wool Marketing before 1939

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tolmie Merrett ◽  
Simon Ville
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
The North ◽  
Textile Industries

From the mid-nineteenth century, raw wool became a global commodity as new producing countries in the Southern Hemisphere supplied the world's growing textile industries in the North. The selling practices of these big-five exporters—Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, and Uruguay—ranged from auction through a hybrid of auction and private sale to exclusively private sale. We explore why these countries persisted with different marketing arrangements, contradicting two streams of literature on institutions: isomorphism and the new institutional economics. The article makes several important contributions through blending distinct branches of theory and by focusing on the international constraints to convergence in an earlier period of globalization.

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