THE IMPACT OF THE 4th INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP AND ADAPTIVE SKILLS REQUIREMENTS

This article reflects on the possible future of labour law as a response to industrialisation, particularly the 4IR. First, I discuss the origin of the industrial revolution by reflecting on the first three industrial revolutions and the present 4IR. Second, I reflect on; 1) the possible impact of the 4IR on the employment relationship and 2) the new and/or adaptive skills requirements. Third, I present recommendations to respond to the fast-changing pace of labour and industrialisation suggested by the World Economic Forum (WEF). I thereafter conclude that the 4IR may be used as a vehicle to promote a socially affirmative interpretation of fairness in the labour context. This promotes a constitutional obligation to protect the interests of workers, in light of technological advancement, that have the potential to widen the income inequality gap.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Opportunities and Challenges

International Journal of Financial Research ◽

10.5430/ijfr.v9n2p90 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 90 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Min Xu ◽

Jeanne M. David ◽

Suk Hi Kim

Keyword(s):

Industrial Revolution ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

The Third ◽

Separate Event ◽

The World ◽

World Economic ◽

Automate Production ◽

Third Industrial Revolution ◽

The fourth industrial revolution, a term coined by Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, describes a world where individuals move between digital domains and offline reality with the use of connected technology to enable and manage their lives. (Miller 2015, 3) The first industrial revolution changed our lives and economy from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Oil and electricity facilitated mass production in the second industrial revolution. In the third industrial revolution, information technology was used to automate production. Although each industrial revolution is often considered a separate event, together they can be better understood as a series of events building upon innovations of the previous revolution and leading to more advanced forms of production. This article discusses the major features of the four industrial revolutions, the opportunities of the fourth industrial revolution, and the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution.

Transforming education to prepare students to invent the future

PSU Research Review ◽

10.1108/prr-03-2020-0010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 81-91

Author(s):

Fernando M. Reimers

Keyword(s):

Design Methodology ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Student Empowerment ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

Content Type ◽

The World ◽

The Future ◽

Learn By Doing ◽

World Economic ◽

Purpose Human talent is rapidly becoming the most important asset for individuals, communities and nations. As the world changes rapidly due to globalization and technological innovation new opportunities and challenges arise for individuals, communities and nations. This paper aims to explore transforming education to prepare students to invent the future. Design/methodology/approach This essay draws on an evaluation of the impact of an entrepreneurship education program on a sample of youth in Saudi Arabia and integrates the core findings and ideas of literature relevant to the topic of education for the 21st century, including several books by the author. Findings This paper highlights five principles guide a series of curriculum resources to advance dispositions and skills for student empowerment and civic participation: start with the end in mind to design curriculum; leverage improvement networks to design curriculum; learn by doing; the power of problem-based education; and the power of collaboration in diverse teams. Originality/value Klaus Schwab, the founder of the World Economic Forum, predicts that the Fourth Industrial Revolution, resulting from increased and ubiquitous automation and the development of artificial intelligence, will eliminate many of the jobs currently available. Together with neurotechnological and genetic developments, these changes will create new opportunities and serious challenges, which require a heightened commitment to putting humans at the center, and empowerment as a goal (Schwab, 2017). These developments create a new urgency to examine whether children and youth are being prepared to be effective and productive citizens and workers, and to not just understand the future but to invent it. There is an emerging consensus that the skills students will need to invent the future must include cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal skills (Pellegrino and Hilton, 2012). The growing awareness that the adequate development of these requires deliberate efforts to cultivate them is also stimulating questions and innovations about the kind of educational experiences which can cultivate those skills.

Gender Impact on the Enterprise Performance

Mechanism of an economic regulation ◽

10.21272/mer.2019.86.06 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 54-62

Author(s):

Oleksii V. Lyulyov ◽

Oleksandra I. Karintseva ◽

Andrii V. Yevdokymov ◽

Hanna S. Ponomarova ◽

Oleksandr O. Ivanov

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Gender Representation ◽

Board Members ◽

Enterprise Performance ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

Return On Assets ◽

The World ◽

World Economic ◽

The article describes the situation of gender equality in Ukraine and in the world during the last 5 years, identifies the leading countries in moving towards gender equality in various fields of life by analyzing the indicators of the Global Gender Gap Report of the World Economic Forum. These indicators include: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, Political Empowerment, which are the part of a single index that determines the position of countries in the overall ranking. Based on the results of this analysis, Ukraine has improved value of gender equality index, although in the overall ranking of countries Ukraine has lost its position and dropped 11 ranks lower than in 2014. This means that, among all the countries surveyed by the World Economic Forum, there are countries that are moving much faster towards gender equality than Ukraine. In addition, the article includes the investigation of the gender representation among the board members of 5 enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-2017, which represent the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The dynamics of changes in the level of performance of these enterprises using the return on assets (ROA) indicator is analyzed, the relationship between the leadership of the enterprises and the value of the ROA indicator is graphically presented. The obtained results do not give a clear answer about the gender impact on the enterprise performance. The reason for this is a number of factors, such as: insufficient statistical sampling of enterprises; the selected performance indicator of enterprise activities does not fully reflect the impact of the gender factor on enterprise activities; the methodology used in the work needs improvements, or it is necessary to choose a totally new approach to the analysis of the investigated issue under study. Gender representation among board members and its impact on enterprise performance should be investigated further. Key words: gender, gender equality, enterprise board members, return on assets.

Foreign Experience of State Management of Raw Materials Industries and the Possibility of its Implementation in the Russian Federation in the Post-Covid Period

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20219305004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 93 ◽

pp. 05004

Author(s):

Dmitry Rodnyansky ◽

Ivan Makarov ◽

Evgeniya Korotayeva ◽

Vadim Kovrigin ◽

Vladislav Nazarenko

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Oil Industry ◽

State Regulation ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

State Management ◽

The World ◽

World Economic ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

In modern conditions, issues related to the effectiveness of the regulation of the oil industry by the state are becoming increasingly important. In January 2018, the World Economic Forum was held in Davos, which, in particular, noted the impact of the growth of protectionist trends in the global trade in hydrocarbons, and the impact of climate change on the planet on the export of hydrocarbons. As a result of the forum, the key ways of adjusting the policy of states in the relevant area were identified. At the same time, a significant number of states are already seeing the process of changing state regulation of the industry. In this article, the authors analyzed the systems of state regulation of the oil industry in different countries, and also gave assessments of the possibility of integrating new mechanisms into the system of sectoral management in Russia in the conditions of post-covid reality

Post Human Craft: A Humble Attempt to Reorient Makers to the Inevitable

Cubic Journal ◽

10.31182/cubic.2020.3.029 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 150-165

Author(s):

James Stevens ◽

Keyword(s):

Human Evolution ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

First Century ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

Profound Change ◽

The World ◽

World Economic ◽

Digital Algorithms ◽

Waking Up

Nearing the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century many craftspeople and makers are waking up to the inevitable reality that our next human evolution may not be the same, that this time it could be different. Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum refers to what we are beginning to experience as the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Schwab 2017, 01). Schwab and his colleagues believe that this revolution could be much more powerful and will occur in a shorter period than the preceding industrial and digital revolutions. This revolution will cause a profound change in how we practice, labour and orient ourselves in the world. Rapidly evolving technologies will proliferate the use of robotics and personalised robots (co-bots) that can sense our presence and safely work alongside us. Digital algorithms are already becoming more reliable predictors of complex questions in medicine and economics than their human counterparts. Therefore, the gap between what a computer can learn and solve and what a robot can do will quickly close in the craft traditions. This article will engage in the discourse of posthumanism and cybernetics and how these debates relate to craft and making. Intentionally this work is not a proud manifesto of positions, strategies, and guidelines required for greatness. Alternatively, it is a humble attempt to reorient makers to the necessary discourse required to navigate the inevitable changes they will face in their disciplines. Thus, the article seeks to transfer posthumanist literary understanding to intellectually position craft in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

The Impact of the Covid 19 Pandemic on the Development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Southern Africa

Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment ◽

10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.01.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

Elizabeth Ojo-Fafore ◽

◽

Clinton Aigbavboa ◽

Wellington Thwala

Keyword(s):

Southern Africa ◽

Human Activities ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Economic Sector ◽

African Region ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is gradually gaining momentum in a wide range, and as it gathers pace, innovations are becoming faster, more efficient, and widely accessible than before. However, due to the outbreak of Covid 19, the world had seen a shift in the traditional ways in all aspects of human activities, especially in the socio-economic sector. This paper explores the effect of Covid19 on the development of the fourth industrial revolution in the Southern African region and will review the literature on pandemic and its effect on industrial revolutions. It will also review the literature on the fourth industrial revolution, the spread of the Covid 19 pandemic, and its effect on the development of the fourth industrial revolution in Southern Africa.

The Disruptive Futures of Education—Post-COVID-19 Pandemic

10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_60 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 407-412

Author(s):

Dzulkifli Abdul Razak

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Inflection Point ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

The World ◽

World Economic

AbstractThe year 2020 is mostly known to many as an inflection point. A metaphorical vision to look far ahead, with clarity, taking on the various “disruptions” that have been much touted, namely, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Since its pronouncement, four years ago, during the 2016 World Economic Forum in Davos, the world of higher education has been inundated with demands to introduce the so-called ‘Education 4.0’.

The Characteristics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Buzzword, Hype or a Radical Change?

E-conom ◽

10.17836/ec.2020.1.091 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 91-104

Author(s):

László Koloszár ◽

Nikoletta Németh

Keyword(s):

Industry 4.0 ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

German Economy ◽

Radical Change ◽

System Level ◽

High Tech ◽

World Economic ◽

The Impact ◽

The usage of the terms the ’Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and its predominantly used synonym ‘Industry 4.0’ has curved upwards at a higher rate than the number of underlying interconnected production units. The concept of Industry 4.0 originates from a project on the high-tech strategy of the German government in 2011. This project promoted the computerization of manufacturing and it was a logical suggestion for the long-term competitiveness of the German economy. The fundamentals of an export-oriented economy need system-level development not to be disadvantaged in the global competition. Building all this on the most modern technologies can be defined as a traditional step. The umbrella term ’Industry 4.0’ has outgrown this step and in 2016 it became an independent agenda item of the World Economic Forum. In this study, with the help of a literature review, we examine which factors of this so-called fourth industrial revolution are similar and which factors are different compared to the previous industrial revolutions. Can the characteristics of industrial revolutions be identified? Is the impact complex and does it influence not only the technology but also the society, the politics, etc.? Whether the use of the term is substantiated or is it only an advanced, fashionable buzzer hanging all today’s forward-looking innovations on the same peg?

The Book. Culture. Education. Innovations: Proceedings of the Fifth World Professional Forum «Crimea-2019» (Sudak, June 8–16, 2019) ◽

Responsiveness of Academic Libraries in South Africa to Research Support in the 4th Industrial Revolution: A Preliminary study

10.33186/978-5-85638-223-4-2020-169-177 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis N. Ocholla ◽

◽

Lyudmila Ocholla ◽

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Library Services ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

Digital Revolution ◽

University Library ◽

The World ◽

World Economic ◽

Smart Technologies ◽

The Revolution

At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in 2016, the concept of the 4th Industrial revolution (4IR) was coined by Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, with the reference that it would be building on «the Third, the digital revolution» and would be «characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological». Thus, the ‘smart’ technologies will spearhead the revolution. We acknowledge that the 4IR will impact on everything, everywhere, including research and libraries. In this paper we conceptualize 4IR, and compare current academic/university library services/trends in South Africa with 4IR requirements through the analysis of 26 public university library websites. The findings show that the libraries are responding well to the revolution through their services, with remarkable of innovation and creativity on display. The study expects library services to be responsive, resourced and accessible anytime and anywhere, and provides a framework for further research and exploration in the region and perhaps elsewhere.

UTICAJ PORESKE POLITIKE NA KONKURENTNOST TURIZMA U SRBIJI I NEKIM ZEMLJAMA U OKRUŽENJU I EVROPSKE UNIJE

Facta Universitatis Series Economics and Organization ◽

10.22190/fueo1703243j ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 243

Author(s):

Sonja Jovanović ◽

Maja Božilović

Keyword(s):

Tax Policy ◽

Tax Rates ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

The World ◽

European Union Countries ◽

World Economic ◽

The Subject ◽

Tourism Services ◽

Tax policy has a significant impact on the tourism sector, its development, employment, and the decision of tourists to visit a destination. The impact of tax policy on the price of tourism services also reflects on the tourism and travel sector’s competitiveness level. The subject of this paper is tax policy in the area of tourism in Serbia and some neighboring and European Union countries (Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania). The aim of the paper is the analysis of tax rates in the tourism sector in the countries under consideration, and the level of tourism sector’s competitiveness in terms of the impact of tax policy on business and investment. Methodological basis in this paper relies on the World Economic Forum data (WEF) on Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI). Research has shown unfavorable position of Serbia, as well as most countries in the region, in terms of effects of tax policy on business and investment.