scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER, POVERTY AND HEALTH EXPENDITURE: AN ANALYSIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
Mangal Sing Kro
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Poverty And Health

Even though the human being cannot live without water it has the negative effect on human health too. Its effect depends on the quality of water which human beings drink. The contaminated water used by human beings may degrade human health with the help of some toxic substances, like, fluoride, arsenic, mercury, lead etc. The poor people are prone to suffer from these toxic substances although they, generally, cannot afford for the water of good quality for drinking and washing. Moreover, there is a lot of water-washed diseases, water based diseases, water born diseases etc. which affect human health. These diseases and toxic substances increase health expenditure of the people. Therefore, contaminated water forces the poor people to stay in the vicious circle of poverty if they use it. This paper will analyze water, poverty and health expenditure nexus.

The Herbicide Glyphosate and Its Apparently Controversial Effect on Human Health: An Updated Clinical Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Caiati ◽  
Paolo Pollice ◽  
Stefano Favale ◽  
Mario Erminio Lepera
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Clinical Perspective ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Health Control ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

Background:: Glyphosate (G) is the most common weed-killer in the world. Every year tons and tons of G are applied on crop fields. G was first introduced in the mid 1970s and since then its usage has gradually increased to reach a peak since 2005. Now G usage is approximately 100 -fold what it was in 1970. Its impact on human health was considered benign at the beginning. But over the years, evidence of a pervasive negative effect of this pesticide on humans has been mounting. Nonetheless, G usage is allowed by government health control agencies (both in the United States and Europe), that rely upon the evidence produced by the G producer. However, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) in 2015 has stated that G is probable carcinogenic (class 2A), the second highest class in terms of risk. Objective:: In this review, we explore the effect of G on human health, focusing in particular on more recent knowledge. Results:: We have attempted to untangle the controversy about the dangers of the product for human beings in view of a very recent development, when the so -called Monsanto Papers, consisting of Emails and memos from Monsanto came to light, revealing a coordinated strategy to manipulate the debate about the safety of glyphosate to the company’s advantage. Conclusions:: The story of G is a recurrent one (see the tobacco story), that seriously jeopardizes the credibility of the scientific study in the modern era.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Diseases Burden and Out of Pocket Health Expenditure among South Asian Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Puttaswamaiah
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Burden Of Diseases

Health is an important determinant of human development, which is about enhancing freedom of human beings. Good health brings freedom to people to enjoy their life and attain desires. Incidence of diseases curtails this freedom of people and incurs burden on households and society. In this broader background the present paper attempts to examine burden of diseases and out of pocket expenditure on health in South Asian countries. This region is home to large proportion of poor people; and high incidence of diseases is likely to put more burdens. Information on diseases, i.e., number of deaths by causes has been collected from WHO data base and data on expenditure on health is obtained from World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The analysis reveals that non-communicable diseases have increased between 2000 and 2015; and communicable diseases have decreased in the region, with variation between countries. Private health expenditure incurred by people also has increased during the same time and out of pocket health expenditure, which constitutes around 90 per cent of private health expenditure, indicates the higher burden on households in South Asia.

Pushing the Environmental Regulatory Focus a Step Back: Controlling the Introduction of New Chemicals Under the Toxic Substances Control Act

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-421
Author(s):  
Andrew Hanan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Environmental Destruction ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act

Environmental destruction and its attendant effects on the animal world, including human beings, has moved to the forefront of United States and worldwide policy. The effect of this deterioration on human health is unclear. Much debate focuses on the cases of cancer, along with other diseases, that are environmentally induced. Congress has responded with various environmental laws. These laws focus primarily on controlling chemicals placed into the environment, largely by industry. This Note proposes that such a singular focus is inadequate and ultimately costly. A more sensible and efficient strategy to environmental protection places emphasis on controlling inputs to the productive process before the need arises to contain such substances. The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (“TSCA“) takes this approach. This Note reviews the means by which TSCA attempted to accomplish its goals and concludes that TSCA's implementation has largely been ineffective. The Note then discusses three possible explanations for TSCA's failure. Finally, the Note proposes how TSCA might be made more effective in regulating new chemicals.

The Global Rise of Social Cash Transfers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Leisering
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Security ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Social Citizenship ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Social Cash Transfers ◽  
The Right

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) proclaimed the equality of all human beings in dignity and rights. The right to social security, however, has been taken more seriously only since the 2000s, through calls for ‘Social security for all’ and ‘Leaving no one behind’. The book investigates a major response, social cash transfers to the poor. The idea of simply giving money to the poor had been rejected by all major development organizations until the 1990s, but since the early 2000s, social cash transfers have mushroomed in the global South and on agendas of international organizations. How come? What programmes have emerged in which countries? How inclusive are the programmes? What models have international organizations devised? Based on unique quantitative and qualitative data, the book takes stock of all identifiable cash transfers in all Southern countries and of the views of all major international organizations. The author argues that cash transfers reflect broader changes: new understandings of development, of human rights, of global risks, of the social responsibility of governments, and of universalism. Social cash transfers have turned the poor from objects of charity into rights-holders and agents of their own lives and of development. A repertoire of cash transfers has evolved that has enhanced social citizenship, but is limited by weak political commitments. The book also contributes to a general theory of social policy in development contexts, through a constructivist sociological approach that complements the dominant approaches from welfare economics and political economy and includes a theory of social assistance.

A Final Muse

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wendell Moller
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Why are kings without pity for their subjects? Because they count on never being common human beings. Why are the rich so hard toward the poor? It is because they have no fear of being poor. . . .—Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile; or, On Education1In Shakespeare’s ...

scholarly journals The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4109
Author(s):  
Jindong Wu ◽  
Jiantao Weng ◽  
Bing Xia ◽  
Yujie Zhao ◽  
Qiuji Song
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Meeting Room ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Occupant Satisfaction ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

High indoor air quality is crucial for the health of human beings. The purpose of this work is to analyze the synergistic effect of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on occupant satisfaction and work productivity. This study carried out a real-scale experiments in a meeting room with exposures of up to one hour. Indoor environment parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, illuminance, and noise level, were controlled at a reasonable level. Twenty-nine young participants were participated in the experiments. Four mental tasks were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the work productivity of occupants and a questionnaire was used to access participants’ satisfaction. The Spearman correlation analysis and two-way analysis of variance were applied. It was found that the overall performance declined by 1% for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, for every 10% increase in dissatisfaction with air quality, productivity performance decreased by 1.1% or more. It should be noted that a high CO2 concentration (800 ppm) has a stronger negative effect on occupant satisfaction towards air quality than PM2.5 concentration in a non-ventilated room. In order to obtain optimal occupant satisfaction and work productivity, low concentrations of PM2.5 (<50 μg/m3) and CO2 (<700 ppm) are recommended.

Making Sense of Water Quality: Multispecies Encounters on the Mystic River

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Scaramelli
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Quality Of Water

This paper takes water quality as an ethnographic subject. It looks at how water quality monitors in Boston make sense of the quality of water through mundane engagement with three non-human beings who they encounter during their monitoring activities: herring, bacteria and water lily. Each of these organisms suggests a different understanding of water quality for the monitors and poses a dilemma. Water quality monitors who contribute to the production of water quality data come to know water quality as through direct interactions with these beings, mediated by both sensorial experience and laboratory data. These experiences, at the same time, confuse and redraw relationships between science, water flows, non-human vitality, including that of invasive species, and people.

scholarly journals On Professors and Poor People—A Jurisprudential Memoir

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-543
Author(s):  
Robert E. Rodes
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Public Agency ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Preferential Option ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Security Deposits

But let the brother of low degree glory in his high estate: and the rich, in that he is made low.—James 1:9-10I am starting this paper after looking at the latest of a series of e-mails regarding people who cannot scrape up the security deposits required by the local gas company to turn their heat back on. They keep shivering in the corners of their bedrooms or burning their houses down with defective space heaters. The public agency that is supposed to relieve the poor refuses to pay security deposits, and the private charities that pay deposits are out of money. A bill that might improve matters has passed one House of the Legislature, and is about to die in a committee of the other House. I have a card on my desk from a former student I ran into the other day. She works in the field of utility regulation, and has promised to send me more e-mails on the subject. I also have a pile of student papers on whether a lawyer can encourage a client illegally in the country to marry her boyfriend in order not to be deported.What I am trying to do with all this material is exercise a preferential option for the poor. I am working at it in a large, comfortable chair in a large, comfortable office filled with large, comfortable books, and a large—but not so comfortable—collection of loose papers. At the end of the day, I will take some of the papers home with me to my large, comfortable, and well heated house.

“Documents, Please”

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Hunter ◽  
Robert Brill
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Birth Registration ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
The Poor ◽  
State Infrastructure

A birth certificate is essential to exercising citizenship, yet vast numbers of poor people in developing countries have no official record of their existence. Few academic studies analyze the conditions under which governments come to document and certify births routinely, and those that do leave much to be explained, including why nontotalitarian governments at low to middle levels of economic development come to prioritize birth registration. This article draws attention to the impetus that welfare-building initiatives give to identity documentation. The empirical focus is on contemporary Latin America, where extensions in institutionalized social protection since the 1990s have increased the demand for and supply of birth registration, raising the life chances of the poor and building state infrastructure in the process. The authors' argument promises to have broader applicability as welfare states form in other developing regions.

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