scholarly journals THE ECOLOGICAL HOSTS SHIFT OF PARASITES AND THE OUTBREAK OF EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
Mohammed Seid Legas
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Ecological Fitting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasites are organisms which metabolically depend upon their hosts. To understand the ecological host shift of a parasite, it is important to look the host-parasite associations with respect to ecological change and factors that generate, maintain, and constrain the associations with implications for a wide range of ecological issues, including the dynamics of emerging infectious diseases. Although, the ecological significance of   parasites is almost overlooked for several years by ecologists, considerable efforts are being made to understand their functional importance in ecosystems. Parasites play vital role in the trophic cascades of the food web. Environmental change caused by anthropogenic activities result host shift of specialist parasites and this shift of specialized parasites can rapidly to new hosts via ecological fitting play an important role in the ecology and evolution of host-parasite associations. This condition is the primary cause for the Emerging Infectious Diseases when parasite species begin infecting and causing disease in host species with which they have no previous history of association. Therefore, understanding the host parasites interaction and distribution of known and potential pathogens is a vital precondition for optimizing their positive, while minimizing their negative effects on conservation, restoration and sustained development programs.

Consistent Infection Prevention: Vital During Routine and Emerging Infectious Diseases Care

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Rebmann ◽  
Ruth Carrico
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Adequate Knowledge

Emerging infectious diseases impact healthcare providers in the United States and globally. Nurses play a vital role in protecting the health of patients, visitors, and fellow staff members during routine practice and biological disasters, such as bioterrorism, pandemics, or outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. One vital nursing practice is proper infection prevention procedures. Failure to practice correctly and consistently can result in occupational exposures or disease transmission. This article reviews occupational health risks, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for nurses who provide care to patients with new or re-emerging infectious diseases. Infection prevention education based on existing infection prevention competencies is critical to ensure adequate knowledge and safe practice both every day and in times of limited resources. Challenges specific to infectious disease disasters are discussed, as well as the role of microorganisms and nurse education for infection prevention.

scholarly journals The impact of resource provisioning on the epidemiological responses of different parasites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Erazo ◽  
Amy B Pedersen ◽  
Andy Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Resource Provisioning ◽  
Transmission Mode ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

Events such as anthropogenic activities and periodic tree masting can alter resource provisioning in the environment, directly affecting animals, and potentially impacting the spread of infectious diseases in wildlife. The effect of these supplemental resources on infectious diseases can manifest through different pathways, affecting host susceptibility, transmission and host demography. To date however, empirical research has tended to examine these different pathways in isolation, for example by quantifying the effects of provisioning on host behaviour in the wild or changes in immune responses in controlled laboratory studies. Further, while theory has investigated the interactions between these pathways, thus far this work has focussed on a narrow subset of pathogen types, typically directly-transmitted microparasites. Given the diverse ways that provisioning can affect host susceptibility, contact patterns or host demography, we may expect the epidemiological consequences of provisioning to depend on key aspects of parasite life-history, such as the duration of infection and transmission mode. We developed a suite of generic epidemiological models to compare how resource provisioning alters responses for different parasites that vary in their biology (micro- and macro-parasite), transmission mode (direct, environmental, and vector transmitted) and duration of infection (acute, latent, and chronic). Next, we parameterised these different parasite types using data from the diverse parasite community of wild wood mice as a case study. We show there are common epidemiological responses to host resource provisioning across all parasite types examined. In particular, the response to provisioning could be driven in opposite directions, depending on which host pathways (contact rate, susceptibility or host demography) are most altered by the addition of resources to the environment. Broadly, these responses were qualitatively consistent across all parasite types, emphasising the importance of identifying general trade-offs between provisioning-altered parameters. Despite the qualitative consistency in responses to provisioning across parasite types, we found notable quantitative differences between parasites, suggesting specific epidemiological outcomes could strongly depend on parasite type, infection duration and permanency of recovery, and whether the parasite is directly, environmentally, or vector transmitted. These analyses therefore highlight the importance of knowing key specific aspects of host-parasite biology, such as host contact behaviours, parasite interactions with the host immune system, and how resource availability shapes host demographics, in order to understand and predict epidemiological responses to provisioning for any specific host-parasite system.

Bats and bat-borne diseases: a perspective on Australian megabats

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin H. J. Ng ◽  
Michelle L. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Wide Range

Bats are the second most species rich and abundant group of mammals and display an array of unique characteristics but are also among the most poorly studied mammals. They fill an important ecological niche and have diversified into a wide range of habitats. In recent years, bats have been implicated as reservoirs for some of the most highly pathogenic emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases reported to date, including SARS-like coronavirus, Ebola, Hendra and Nipah viruses. The ability of bats to harbour these viruses in the absence of clinical signs of disease has resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat biology and virus–host interactions. Interest in bats, in Australia in particular, has intensified following the identification of several novel bat-borne viruses from flying-foxes, including Hendra virus, which is capable of spillover from bats to horses and subsequently to humans with potentially fatal consequences. As we continue to encroach on the natural habitats of bats, a better understanding of bat biology, ecology and virus–host interactions has never before been so critical. In this review, we focus on the biology of Australian pteropid bats and the pathogens they harbour, summarising current knowledge of bat-borne diseases, bat ecology, ethology and immunology.

scholarly journals Meteorological and climate change themes at the 2010 International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Wilson ◽  
D Lush ◽  
M G Baker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Wide Range

This report outlines selected highlights of presentations that took place at the 2010 International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases (ICEID) [1], held between 11 and 14 July 2010 at the Hyatt Regency Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia, United States (US). The conference was organised by five national and international bodies and was attended by over 1,600 participants from a wide range of professional backgrounds. Abstracts for the posters and slide sessions have been published [2].

scholarly journals Ecological Factors of Transmission, Persistence and Circulation of Pathogens In Bat Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
S. Zemanová ◽  
Ľ. Korytár ◽  
Z. Benkő ◽  
M. Prokeš ◽  
A. Ondrejková
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ecological Roles ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The existence of bats is crucial for all ecosystem units as they fulfil numerous ecological roles. However, they are also considered to be natural reservoirs of a wide range of zoonotic microorganisms, especially viruses. In this review article we briefly summarize current knowledge about various ecological factors that facilitate bat pathogen dispersal and about the current approaches to monitoring viral communities present within bat populations. On the basis of the cited papers, we suggest that the increased focus on complex viral populations in bats and their interactions with other populations and the environment is necessary to fully comprehend the relationship between emerging infectious diseases, the environment and their toll on human health.

scholarly journals Developing vaccines against epidemic-prone emerging infectious diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Bernasconi ◽  
Paul A. Kristiansen ◽  
Mike Whelan ◽  
Raúl Gómez Román ◽  
Alison Bettis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Valley Fever

AbstractToday’s world is characterized by increasing population density, human mobility, urbanization, and climate and ecological change. This global dynamic has various effects, including the increased appearance of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), which pose a growing threat to global health security.Outbreaks of EIDs, like the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa or the current Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), have not only put populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) at risk in terms of morbidity and mortality, but they also have had a significant impact on economic growth in affected regions and beyond.The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI) is an innovative global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organizations that was launched as the result of a consensus that a coordinated, international, and intergovernmental plan was needed to develop and deploy new vaccines to prevent future epidemics.CEPI is focusing on supporting candidate vaccines against the World Health Organization (WHO) Blueprint priority pathogens MERS-CoV, Nipah virus, Lassa fever virus, and Rift Valley fever virus, as well as Chikungunya virus, which is on the WHO watch list. The current vaccine portfolio contains a wide variety of technologies, ranging across recombinant viral vectors, nucleic acids, and recombinant proteins. To support and accelerate vaccine development, CEPI will also support science projects related to the development of biological standards and assays, animal models, epidemiological studies, and diagnostics, as well as build capacities for future clinical trials in risk-prone contexts.

Evolution, Ayurveda, immunity, and preventive aspects for emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
Dhirajsingh Sumersingh Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Breathing Exercise ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Living Being

Evolution is continuous process of changes in structural and physiological mechanism in living being. Microbes/pathogens can evolve naturally or artificially and become resistant to various medicines. Novel coronavirus is such evolved pathogen of coronavirus group. Enough strong immunity is needed to prevent or survive from COVID-19 pandemic. Ayurveda provides ways for evolving physiological responses to built immunity. Present work is brief attempt to increase insight in this filed.Present review was done based on simple theory of evolution, recent updates regarding prevention of COVID-19, Ayurveda aspect toward infectious diseases and Ayurveda ways towards prevention of infectious diseases with special reference to COVID-19. Person with impaired immunity is more susceptible for COVID-19 and thus immunity is an important preventing factor. Ayurveda Rasayana (rejuvanation) herbs, Yoga exercises, Pranayama (special breathing exercise), daily regimens and personal hygiene guidelines can be helpful strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19.The preventive aspects of pandemic situations are narrated in Ayurveda with enough details. These ways need to be scientifically explored and refined for precision. As prevention is always better than cure hence Ayurveda ways can be considered for future strategies to avoid pandemics such as COVID-19.  There is great need of research on Ayurveda medicines on COVID-19 like diseases.

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