scholarly journals TINJAUAN TEKNOLOGI INAKTIVASI VIRUS UNTUK PENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Joko Prayitno ◽  
Rahmania Admirasari Darmawan ◽  
Joko Prayitno Susanto ◽  
Rudi Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Poor Ventilation ◽  
Physical Treatments ◽  
Air Circulation ◽  
Further Development ◽  
National Effort

Review of Virus Inactivation Technologies for Covid-19 Pandemic Control SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivation is one of global concerns in alleviating the spread of Covid-19. The applications of virus inactivation technologies are mainly based on the knowledge of virus characteristics, its persistence on material surfaces, and environmental factors impairing its structure. Current virus inactivation methods are mostly employing chemicals dan physical treatments such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite solutions, and UV light. In this paper, we discuss three current virus inactivation technologies for reducing the spread of Covid-19, i.e., room disinfection, surface disinfection, and personal protective equipment (PPE) decontamination technology. Room disinfection technology, particularly room with poor ventilation or closed air circulation, employs the combination of UV light treatment with filters. Surface disinfection technologies utilize the spraying or fogging of disinfectant solutions, and PPE decontamination technologies utilize UV light or chemical treatments to inactivate the virus. Further development and application of these technologies will help the national effort in controlling the spread of Covid-19. Inaktivasi virus SARS-CoV-2 merupakan salah satu upaya global untuk mengurangi penyebaran Covid-19. Aplikasi teknologi inaktivasi virus ini banyak bersandar pada pengetahuan mengenai karakteristik dan daya tahan virus ini pada permukaan benda dan hal-hal yang merusak struktur virus tersebut. Metode inaktivasi virus yang banyak digunakan adalah perlakuan dengan bahan kimia dan perlakuan secara fisik yaitu dengan menggunakan larutan disinfektan hidrogen peroksida, larutan hipoklorit dan sinar UV. Dalam tulisan ini, peluang aplikasi teknologi inaktivasi virus SARS-CoV-2 yang dibahas adalah teknologi disinfeksi ruangan, disinfeksi permukaan benda dan dekontaminasi alat pelindung diri. Teknologi disinfeksi ruangan khususnya pada ruangan tertutup dengan ventilasi yang kurang baik atau resirkulasi udara tertutup adalah dengan menggunakan kombinasi perlakuan sinar UV dengan filter. Teknologi disinfeksi permukaan benda menggunakan teknik penyemprotan atau pengkabutan larutan disinfektan, sedangkan teknologi dekontaminasi alat pelindung diri dilakukan dengan perlakuan sinar UV atau dengan bahan kimia. Pengembangan dan aplikasi lanjut dari teknologi inaktivasi virus ini akan membantu upaya nasional dalam penanggulangan penyebaran Covid-19.

scholarly journals SURFACE DISINFECTION BY EXPOSURE TO GERMICIDAL UV LIGHT

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-242
Author(s):  
G Katara ◽  
N Hemvani ◽  
S Chitnis ◽  
V Chitnis ◽  
DS Chitnis
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Surface Disinfection

UV Light Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus, Aichi Virus, and Feline Calicivirus on Strawberries, Green Onions, and Lettuce

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 908-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIVIANA R. FINO ◽  
KALMIA E. KNIEL
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Mammalian Cell Culture ◽  
Aichi Virus ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Need To Evaluate

A majority of illnesses caused by foodborne viruses are associated with fresh produce. Fruits and vegetables may be considered high-risk foods, as they are often consumed raw without a specific inactivation step. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate nonthermal treatments for the inactivation of foodborne pathogens. This study investigates the UV inactivation of three viruses: feline calicivirus (a surrogate for norovirus), and two picornaviruses, hepatitis A virus and Aichi virus. Three produce types were selected for their different surface topographies and association with outbreaks. Green onions, lettuce, and strawberries were individually spot inoculated with 107 to 109 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of each virus per ml and exposed to UV light at various doses (≤240 mW s/cm2), and viruses were eluted using an optimized recovery strategy. Virus infection was quantified by TCID50 in mammalian cell culture and compared with untreated recovered virus. UV light applied to contaminated lettuce resulted in inactivation of 4.5 to 4.6 log TCID50/ml; for contaminated green onions, inactivation ranged from 2.5 to 5.6 log TCID50/ml; and for contaminated strawberries, inactivation ranged from 1.9 to 2.6 log TCID50/ml for the three viruses tested. UV light inactivation on the surface of lettuce is more effective than inactivation on the other two produce items. Consistently, the lowest results were observed in the inactivation of viruses on strawberries. No significant differences (P > 0.05) for virus inactivation were observed among the three doses applied (40, 120, and 240 mW s/cm2)on the produce, with the exception of hepatitis A virus and Aichi virus inactivation on green onions, where inactivation continued at 120 mW s/cm2 (P < 0.05).

Large-Sized TiO2/SiO2 Macroporous Materials for Photo-Degradation of Organic Compounds in Water and Air

2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 1157-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Feng Zhang ◽  
Jian Ye ◽  
Neng Bing Long
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Tetrabutyl Titanate ◽  
Target Compound ◽  
Photo Degradation ◽  
Degradation Rate Constant ◽  
Air Circulation

Large-sized macroporous TiO2/SiO2 catalysts were prepared via filling a novel SiO2 support with a solution of tetrabutyl titanate in cyclohexane, undergoing subsequent in situ hydrolysis and final calcination to 600 °C. The loaded nano-particles of TiO2 were uniformly dispersed on the nano-layer of SiO2 support, the interaction of TiO2 and SiO2 was strengthened through the formation of Si-O-Ti bonds. Methyl orange was introduced in the macroporous catalyst as a target compound to investigate the photo-degradation of the loaded nano-TiO2. Under radiation of 365 nm UV light the highest degradation rate constant of 1.78/h was observed from the as-prepared catalyst containing 54.5 wt.% of TiO2. Formaldehyde and xylene in gas states can be captured and photo-degraded by the catalyst that was placed in a self-designed air-circulation device equipped with UV lights and electric fans. The high effectiveness of the catalysts in the cleaning of the indoor air should be owing to its special macroporous structure and the long-term photo-catalytic activity of loaded nano-TiO2.

scholarly journals Specificity of UV-C LED Disinfection Efficacy for Three N95 Respirators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Carolina Ontiveros ◽  
David C. Shoults ◽  
Sean MacIsaac ◽  
Kyle D. Rauch ◽  
Crystal L. Sweeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Uv Technology ◽  
N95 Respirators ◽  
Uv C

Abstract The recent surge in the use of UV technology for personal protective equipment (PPE) has created a unique learning opportunity for the UV industry to deepen surface disinfection knowledge, especially on surfaces with complex geometries, such as the N95 filter facepiece respirators (FFR). The work outlined in this study addresses the interconnectedness of independent variables (e.g., UV Fluence, respirator material) that require consideration when assessing UV light efficacy for disinfecting respirators. Through electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we characterized respirator filter layers and revealed that polymer type affects disinfection efficacy. Specifically, FFR layers made from polypropylene (PP) (hydrophobic in nature) resulted in higher disinfection efficiency than layers composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET-P) (hygroscopic in nature). An analysis of elastic band materials on the respirators indicated that silicone rubber-based bands achieved higher disinfection efficiency than PET-P bands and have a woven, fabric-like texture. While there is a strong desire to repurpose respirators, through this work we demonstrated that the design of an appropriate UV system is essential and that only respirators meeting specific design criteria may be reasonable for repurposing via UV disinfection.

scholarly journals Differences in Viral Disinfection Mechanisms as Revealed by Quantitative Transfection of Echovirus 11 Genomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Torrey ◽  
Urs von Gunten ◽  
Tamar Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Protein Damage ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Genome Replication ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Genome Damage ◽  
A Genome

ABSTRACTVirus inactivation mechanisms can be elucidated by methods that measure the loss of specific virus functionality (e.g., host attachment, genome internalization, and genome replication). Genome functionality is frequently assessed by PCR-based methods, which are indirect and potentially inaccurate; genome damage that affects detection by high-fidelity PCR enzymes may not adversely affect the ability of actual cellular enzymes to produce functional virus. Therefore, we developed here a transfection-based assay to quantitatively determine viral genome functionality by inserting viral RNA into host cells directly to measure their ability to produce new functional viruses from damaged viral genomes. Echovirus 11 was treated with ozone, free chlorine (FC), UV light at 254 nm (UV254), or heat, and then the reductions in genome functionality and infectivity were compared. Ozone reduced genome functionality proportionally to infectivity, indicating that genome damage is the main mechanism of virus inactivation. In contrast, FC caused little or no loss of genome functionality compared to infectivity, indicating a larger role for protein damage. For UV254, genome functionality loss accounted for approximately 60% of virus inactivation, with the remainder presumably due to protein damage. Heat treatment resulted in no reduction in genome functionality, in agreement with the understanding that heat inactivation results from capsid damage. Our results indicate that there is a fundamental difference between genome integrity reductions measured by PCR enzymes in previous studies and actual genome functionality (whether the genome can produce virus) after disinfection. Compared to PCR, quantitative transfection assays provide a more realistic picture of actual viral genome functionality and overall inactivation mechanisms during disinfection.IMPORTANCEThis study provides a new tool for assessing virus inactivation mechanisms by directly measuring a viral genome’s ability to produce new viruses after disinfection. In addition, we identify a potential pitfall of PCR for determining virus genome damage, which does not reflect whether a genome is truly functional. The results presented here using quantitative transfection corroborate previously suggested virus inactivation mechanisms for some virus inactivation methods (heat) while bringing additional insights for others (ozone, FC, and UV254). The developed transfection method provides a more mechanistic approach for the assessment of actual virus inactivation by common water disinfectants.

scholarly journals Sequentially amplified circularly polarized ultraviolet luminescence for enantioselective photopolymerization

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxue Han ◽  
Xuefeng Yang ◽  
Jianlei Han ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
Tifeng Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Nematic Liquid Crystal ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Upconversion Emission ◽  
Delayed Fluorescence ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Thermally Activated ◽  
Chiral Nematic ◽  
Circularly Polarized Luminescence ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Chiral optical materials based on circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) have emerged rapidly due to their feasible applications in diverse fields of research. However, limited to the small luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum), real application examples have rarely been reported. Here, we present a complex system, which show intense circularly polarized ultraviolet luminescence (CPUVL) with large glum value, enabling a chiral UV light triggered enantioselective polymerization. By integrating sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion and CPL, both visible-to-UV upconversion emission and upconverted circularly polarized ultraviolet luminescence (UC-CPUVL) were obtained in the systems, built of chiral annihilator R(S)-4,12-biphenyl[2,2]paracyclophane (R-/S-TP), and a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) sensitizer. After dispersing this upconversion system into room-temperature nematic liquid crystal, induced chiral nematic liquid crystal could significantly amplify the glum value (0.19) of UC-CPUVL. Further, the UC-CPUVL emission has been used to trigger the enantioselective photopolymerization of diacetylene. This work paves the way for the further development of functional application of CPL active materials.

THE EFFECT OF PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF FIELD SOILS BY CHEMICALS UPON DIFFERENTIAL MICROBIAL COUNTS, CO2 ACTIVITY, AND RATES OF ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald H. Elkan ◽  
W. E. C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Organic Matter Decomposition ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Partial Sterilization ◽  
Further Development

Varying dosage rates of calcium hypochlorite, mercuric chloride, and sodium propionate were used as partial sterilization agents in field and greenhouse trials to determine the effect on soil biological activity, and thereby, organic matter decomposition rates. Application of the chemicals often resulted in the initial stimulation of respiration rates. In greenhouse and field trials this stimulation was most commonly associated with the application of sodium propionate. Fungal counts decreased and bacterial counts increased when this chemical was used. Within 4 weeks after treatment, all rates of application of the various chemicals depressed soil CO2 evolution. Thirteen months after treatment, plots treated with 100 lb of mercuric chloride per acre had one quarter as many actinomycetes and total microbes, and one third as many fungi, as did the control plots. Respiration was also considerably lower. Calcium hypochlorite treated plots retained reduced total counts and sodium propionate reduced fungal counts. Respiration in these last plots was not depressed.The changes in organic matter decomposition due to chemical treatments were not statistically significant in the greenhouse or field studies.General lack of correlation between the three measures of biological activity used in this study indicate the necessity for the further development of methods for measuring the population of microorganisms in soil.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and ophthalmology- Challenges and mitigation of disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Pravin M Bhat ◽  
Sunil S Kewat
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Contagious Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Respiratory Hygiene

The SARS-CoV-2 infection has become a global health crisis with an uprising trend of infection and death in the world. Considering the contagious nature and the human to human transmission of the disease, it is utmost important to follow the infection control measures in the ophthalmic practice. The pink eye or conjunctivitis is the associated symptom reported along with the respiratory illness and fever in patients of COVID-19. So the triage policy, using noncontact procedures, understanding the risk factors of the disease, postponement of routine ophthalmic patient’s visit, following respiratory hygiene, hand hygiene, using personal protective equipment (PPE) are some of the measures to keep the infection in control are explained in this article. The surface disinfection, equipment disinfection are also important considering the environmental contamination nature of the disease. So in order to minimize the infection every ophthalmologist should work as per the guidelines and measures and work with the local designated infection control authorities.

scholarly journals Artificially Produced UV Light and Challenging Photoreactions Enabled by Upconversion in Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Pfund ◽  
Debora M. Steffen ◽  
Mirjam R. Schreier ◽  
Maria-Sophie Bertrams ◽  
Chen Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Activation ◽  
Singlet State ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Iridium Complexes ◽  
Current Maximum ◽  
Water Pollutant ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Full Conversion

Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation is the most promising mechanism for pooling the energy of two visible photons, but its applications in solution were so far limited to organic solvents, with a current maximum of the excited-singlet state energy of 3.6 eV. By combining tailor-made iridium complexes with naphthalenes, we demonstrate blue-light driven upconversion in water with unprecedented singlet-state energies approaching 4 eV. The annihilators have outstanding excited-state reactivities enabling challenging photoreductions driven by sTTA. Specifically, we found that an aryl-bromide bond activation can be achieved with blue photons, and we obtained full conversion for the very energy-demanding decomposition of a persistent ammonium compound as typical water pollutant, not only with a cw laser but also with an LED light source. These results provide the first proof-of-concept for the usage of low-power light sources for challenging reactions employing blue-to-UV upconversion in water, and pave the way for the further development of sustainable light-harvesting applications.

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