scholarly journals Critical, Strategic and Deficit Raw Materials in the Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and in Batteries and Accumulators

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata WITKOWSKA-KITA ◽  
Katarzyna BIEL ◽  
Wiesław BLASCHKE ◽  
Anna ORLICKA
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nickel Iron ◽  
Rock Mining ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

This article presents the waste electrical and electronic equipment and batteries and accumulators as a potential source of critical,strategic and deficit raw materials.The dominant types of waste obtained after the disassembly of used electrical and electronic equipment are plastics: polypropylene(PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polystyrene (PS) and teflon and metals. These metals include: magnesium, cobalt,antimony and tantalum (critical raw materials), aluminum, nickel, iron and zinc (strategic raw materials) as well as copper andsilver (deficit resources), as well as lead, tin, gold and cadmium. Batteries and accumulators are a source, among others metalssuch as: nickel and zinc (strategic raw materials), manganese and lithium (deficit resources), aluminum (strategic raw material),and cadmium, lead.The article presents the results of analysis of the material composition of the waste electrical and electronic equipment conducted atthe Institute of Mechanised Construction and Rock Mining. It also presents the level of imports and exports of waste and scrap-metalthat are the subject of this article. In addition, the article presents a source of information about waste and recycled materials.

scholarly journals WEEE collection and CRM recovery trials: piloting a holistic approach for Scotland

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-718
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

<p>Re-Tek UK and its partners, Enscape Consulting and the University of West of Scotland commenced trials for the collection and recovery of critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic (WEEE) products in July 2016. Sponsored by the EU LIFE funded project ‘Critical Raw Material Closed Loop Recovery’ coordinated by WRAP with EARN, ERP UK Ltd, KTN Ltd and Wuppertal Institute as beneficiaries. The trials are aimed at boosting the recovery of critical raw materials (CRMs) from household waste electrical and electronic products (WEEE) and Information Communications Technology (ICT) in particular, after functioning equipment is separated out for re-use. The new collection models provided residents with the opportunity to drop-off unwanted electrical and electronic appliances at a time and place that suits them, through a collaborative approach which encourages local authorities, educational establishments, businesses, and Social Enterprises, etc to act as hub sites. Hubs were designed to minimize product damage and encourage drop-off, rather than hoarding. Extraction methods developed after the collection phase of the trial looked at the opportunity to recover cobalt, gold and silver from ICT products, with the potential to inform how a more sustainable supply chain could be developed in Scotland. The elements studied were selected to demonstrate financial opportunity (gold/silver) and a strategic priority material (cobalt) for long term supply. These are based on bioleaching and electrochemical recovery using novel carbon based electrode systems, and chemical processing methods using extraction techniques with an assessment of pilot performance and scale up challenges. Our report is on the state of progress towards practical solutions to WEEE and CRM recovery.</p>

scholarly journals The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Slobodan Radusinović ◽  
Argyrios Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.

King Crab Wastes Potential as the Technological Valuable Raw Materials

Food Industry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Maksimova ◽  
Denis Poleschuk ◽  
Elena Surovtseva ◽  
Kseniya Vereshchagina ◽  
Alexei Milovanov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
King Crab ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
The North ◽  
Iron And Zinc

The article presents the technological potential research results of secondary resources formed in the King crab cutting process for food purposes. The authors analyzed waste (cephalothorax and abdomen) obtained from the King crab industrial processing from the North Okhotsk sea subzone and Primorye subzone. They determined the size and mass characteristics of waste. There is the shell, viscera (including liver), gills and abdominals ratio. A man examined the ratio of mineral (shell) and protein (interior and gills) parts of the studied waste experimentally. The research aim was to determine the total chemical composition, amino acid composition of proteins, fatty acid composition of lipids and mineral composition of the combined waste. The authors revealed that the secondary raw materials under the experiment consisted of the protein by 13.37 ± 0.05 %, lipids by 2.68 ± 0.1 %, minerals by 8.33 ± 0.25 % and carbohydrate compounds by 4.22 ± 0.05 %. The experiment determined the essential amino acids sum in the protein part. Valine, leucine and cysteine are limiting. Fatty acids in lipids waste are represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids in significant amounts (42.11 %). Calcium and sodium are overwhelming macronutrients in the waste from the King crab cutting, while iron and zinc are dominating microelements. The research results indicate the high technological value of waste from King crab cutting and the potential of this secondary raw material as a basis for the production of biologically valuable protein and mineral products.

Legacy deposits: can a small-scale mining paradigm contribute to the re-processing mining wastes to supply critical raw materials?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Bodin ◽  
Guillaume Bertrand ◽  
Patrick D'Hugues
Keyword(s):  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Wastes ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Mineral Wastes ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

&lt;p&gt;In line with the perspective of the Raw Material Initiative launched in 2008 by the European Commission to ensure access to and supply of critical raw materials in Europe, the H2020-funded IMPaCT project (Grant no. 730411) aims to develop a Switch-On Switch-Off (SO-SO) concept as an emergence of a new modern small-scale mining paradigm. Its ultimate goal is to increase the viability of many critical metals hosted in small primary deposits, particularly in Europe, by developing a modularized mobile plant (MMP) concept that can economically operate different type of ores in different types of geological and geographical contexts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In addition, the project addresses the prospect of applying the SO-SO concept and the small-scale mining paradigm with regard to the reprocessing of mineral wastes in Europe. A dataset of legacy deposits of interest for the SO-SO concept was drawn from the ProMine Anthropogenic Concentration (AC) database (built during the European FP7 ProMine project) used as the data source and by applying a sequential-rating as a methodology to rank records and to highlight potential targets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apart from national mining wastes registries, the ProMine AC database remains so far the most exhaustive and reliable attempt at a consolidated pan-European database regarding mining wastes. Despite data shortcoming in the ProMine AC database, this study proposes potential targets of mineral wastes for the SO-SO concept in Europe and provides with preliminary information on location, type of waste, commodities content, tonnage and their potential.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To put into perspective the application of the SO-SO concept and the small-scale mining paradigm in regards with mineral wastes reprocessing, this study also proposes generic flowsheets to address specific potential targets identified among the records from the ProMine AC database and based on the preliminary information available. However, the relevancy and completeness of these information still require a case-by-case assessment. As a result, this methodology falls into a scoping approach that could be applied ahead of (pre)feasibility studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Combining the re-exploitation of a primary ore deposit along with the reprocessing of its wastes inherited from previous mining and ore processing activities is of great interest in seeking social acceptance. Eventually, in such perspective, a cross survey of the potential of both primary deposits, using the ProMine Mineral Deposits (MD) database, and secondary deposits, using the ProMine AC database, therefore appears as a relevant scoping strategy ahead of implementing small-scale mining.&lt;/p&gt;

An Evaluation of Critical Raw Materials for China

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 954-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Hong Luo Zhu ◽  
Lin Wei Ma ◽  
Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
Nickel Iron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

This manuscript aims to apply the method of criticality matrix to evaluate critical raw materials for China. The matrix includes two dimensions, the supply risk evaluated by net import dependency and import concentration, and the economic importance evaluated by value-added value of consumption sectors. The results indicate that the most critical raw materials for China are Chromite, Cobalt, Manganese, Nickel, Iron ore, and Niobium & Tantalum.

scholarly journals The Economics of Coking Coal Mining: A Fossil Fuel Still Needed for Steel Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7682
Author(s):  
Adam Duda ◽  
Gregorio Fidalgo Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coking Coal ◽  
Technological Readiness ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Coking coal has been on the European list of critical raw materials since 2014 due to its high economic importance and high supply risk. In 2017, coking coal narrowly missed passing the threshold of economic importance. However, out of caution, it remained on the list of critical raw materials, as the steel industry still needs it. It is likely to be phased out of the list below when it does not fully meet the required criteria. As there are no significant alternatives for this energy intensive industry and neither electrification nor material or energy efficiency improvements are yet available at a sufficient level of technological readiness, the European Union remains dependent on coking coal imports. Therefore, any coking coal mining project in Europe is of great importance and an important alternative to solving the problems of providing this raw material. In this study, the Dębieńsko coking coal project in Poland is analyzed using a scientifically proven methodology based on world-class analysis of coking coal projects submitted for financing to financial institutions.

scholarly journals Critical raw materials as a part of sustainable development

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Michal Cehlár ◽  
Zuzana Šimková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Area ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Committee Of The Regions ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

The presented article deals with the issue of critical raw materials in the European Union with an emphasis on sustainable development and also barite, as an only one critical raw material mined in Slovakia. The article points out in detail the deposits of individual critical raw materials within the European Union. They clearly profile the European area´s dependence on imports of critical raw materials in accordance with the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the European Union's list of critical raw materials. Based on a defined Herfindahl-Hirschman index, which is clearly methodologically described, the article also points to the exploitation of critical raw materials in the European Union, what is in consideration of sustainable development crucial because some inventions are fundamentally dependent on them, as is their production on world markets. This article deals with critical raw materials in the EU, because it is in this area that we would like to experience the 4th industrial revolution, which is characterized by "new products" with a short life cycle, products with the least possible impact on the environment, i.e. innovations that are often impossible without important raw materials. Is it at all possible to talk about sustainable development with such raw material sources in European Union?

scholarly journals Features of use of unlawful kaolin for the manufacture of a cement clinker

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Tsybenko ◽  
L.P. Chernyak ◽  
V.G. Salnik ◽  
N.O. Dorogan
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Clay Component ◽  
The Given ◽  
Scientific Ideas

Results over of research of the silicate systems of carbonate raw material with the varieties of clay component for making of cement clinker. The features of the chemical-mineralogical composition, phase transformations during burning and astringent properties of clinker are shown when unenriched kaolin and fly ash are used as alumina-silica-containing components of the initial raw material mixture. In the chemical technology of hydraulic mineral astringents, clay raw material serves, first of all, as a source of SiO , Al O , Fe O oxides, which must form from CaO during the baking of crystalline phases of silicates, aluminates and calcium aluminferrite, with the development of which impart the properties of the product of production. In turn, the above oxides arise in the process of technology during the heat treatment of raw mixtures due to the destruction of the lattice of rock-forming minerals. Hence the obvious dependence of the number and reactivity of oxides on the chemical and mineralogical composition of clay raw material, which, according to essential differences, is classified into a number of groups. Deepening of scientific ideas about this dependence can become an additional factor for im- proving the intensification of the technology of silicate binders, which became the subject of research in the given work. The chemical and mineralogical composition of the clay component of raw materials for the production of clinker and cement based on it is an important factor in the structure of the binder material at the stages of the technological process and the determination of the properties of the final product. Taking into account the peculiarities of the composition of unbleached kaolin (high content of kaolinite, quartz, feldspar), the feasibility of its application in the production of cement for clinker production is related to the possibility of adjusting the kinetics and the direction of phase transformations during the burning of the material. From the point of view of resource conservation and technology, the complex application of aluminum and silicon-containing raw materials components of natural (unaffected kaolin) and man-made (fly ash) origin is shown. Deepening of scientific ideas about this dependence can become an additional factor for improving the intensification of the technology of silicate binders, which became the subject of research in the given work.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF FRUIT-BERRY WINE TECHNOLOГY BASED ON BIOCATALYTIC PROCESSES

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Main Components

In the conditions of Uzbekistan, to increase the ranгe of production of natural and environmentally friendly wine products from fruit and berry raw materials, as well as to effectively use raw materials, the production of export-oriented natural younг wines is a very urгent problem, based on the fact that the purpose of our study was to improve the existinг technoloгies in the Republic. for the production of fruit and berry wines on a biocatalytic basis, by stimulatinг zymoгenic enzymes of raw materials and yeast exohydrolases. To achieve this гoal, berries such as red cherries, strawberries, raspberries, currants and shotut were used as objects. The subject of the study was the creation of a fundamentally new technoloгy for the production of natural and export-oriented wine products from fruit and berry raw materials, as well as the research method was the determination of physicochemical, biochemical, technical and technoloгical parameters and the analysis of orгanoleptic indicators of objects by standard methods. The study showed that under an unfavorable environment, the cells of fruit and berry raw materials fall into stress as a result, under the influence of zymogenic exo- and endo enzymes of plant cells, it degrades biopolymers such as pectin and protein, which are the main components of the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, and a fundamentally new technology was developed, which allows to separate the fermentation process from the extraction of valuable components of raw materials due to the enhancement of the secondary metabolism of yeast associated with "high synthesis" in a controlled fermentation process. Moreover, in the process of carbon dioxide maceration, the yield of high-quality juice from 1 ton of raw material was increased by 10-12%, and the yield of wine material due to a decrease in yeast increased by 3.5%, due to the continuity of the process by 0.7% and the biosynthesis of ethyl alcohol was increased by 1 ÷ 1.5% vol. Natural wine products have been developed that have a pleasant harmonious taste and aroma due to their organoleptic properties.

scholarly journals Ageing Process of Hydraulic Oil in Single-Bucket Excavators in Rock Mining

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Władzielczyk ◽  
Piotr Kipczak
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Degradation ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Ageing Processes ◽  
Hydraulic Hammer ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Rock Mining ◽  
Working Parameters

Abstract The paper presents the problem of ageing processes of hydraulic oils when used in single-bucket excavators in mining of rock raw materials. Working parameters of these excavators are specific, particularly when a hydraulic hammer is mounted in place of the working bucket, therefore the course of the oil degradation process and the change times should be precisely determined as full functionality of hydraulic systems of excavators must be maintained and the wear of individual components of these systems should be reduced. Research on oil ageing processes has been carried out for excavators from various manufacturers that have operated in mines of rock raw materials of various raw material extraction quantities. The methodology adopted for testing the ageing processes of oils in excavators allowed to obtain a number of results that question the hitherto applied criteria for quality assessment of used oils in relation to the time of their actual use in hydraulic systems of excavators, as well as the time of change of such oils.

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