The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.

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Legacy deposits: can a small-scale mining paradigm contribute to the re-processing mining wastes to supply critical raw materials?

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-4027 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jérôme Bodin ◽

Guillaume Bertrand ◽

Patrick D'Hugues

Keyword(s):

Social Acceptance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Feasibility Studies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Small Scale ◽

Mining Wastes ◽

Critical Metals ◽

Preliminary Information ◽

Mineral Wastes ◽

Critical Raw Materials

In line with the perspective of the Raw Material Initiative launched in 2008 by the European Commission to ensure access to and supply of critical raw materials in Europe, the H2020-funded IMPaCT project (Grant no. 730411) aims to develop a Switch-On Switch-Off (SO-SO) concept as an emergence of a new modern small-scale mining paradigm. Its ultimate goal is to increase the viability of many critical metals hosted in small primary deposits, particularly in Europe, by developing a modularized mobile plant (MMP) concept that can economically operate different type of ores in different types of geological and geographical contexts.In addition, the project addresses the prospect of applying the SO-SO concept and the small-scale mining paradigm with regard to the reprocessing of mineral wastes in Europe. A dataset of legacy deposits of interest for the SO-SO concept was drawn from the ProMine Anthropogenic Concentration (AC) database (built during the European FP7 ProMine project) used as the data source and by applying a sequential-rating as a methodology to rank records and to highlight potential targets.Apart from national mining wastes registries, the ProMine AC database remains so far the most exhaustive and reliable attempt at a consolidated pan-European database regarding mining wastes. Despite data shortcoming in the ProMine AC database, this study proposes potential targets of mineral wastes for the SO-SO concept in Europe and provides with preliminary information on location, type of waste, commodities content, tonnage and their potential.To put into perspective the application of the SO-SO concept and the small-scale mining paradigm in regards with mineral wastes reprocessing, this study also proposes generic flowsheets to address specific potential targets identified among the records from the ProMine AC database and based on the preliminary information available. However, the relevancy and completeness of these information still require a case-by-case assessment. As a result, this methodology falls into a scoping approach that could be applied ahead of (pre)feasibility studies.Combining the re-exploitation of a primary ore deposit along with the reprocessing of its wastes inherited from previous mining and ore processing activities is of great interest in seeking social acceptance. Eventually, in such perspective, a cross survey of the potential of both primary deposits, using the ProMine Mineral Deposits (MD) database, and secondary deposits, using the ProMine AC database, therefore appears as a relevant scoping strategy ahead of implementing small-scale mining.

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Complex Concentrated Alloys for Substitution of Critical Raw Materials in Applications for Extreme Conditions

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14051197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 1197

Author(s):

Dumitru Mitrica ◽

Ioana Cristina Badea ◽

Beatrice Adriana Serban ◽

Mihai Tudor Olaru ◽

Denisa Vonica ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Extreme Environment ◽

Extreme Conditions ◽

The European Union ◽

Critical Metals ◽

Research Directions ◽

Level Of Involvement ◽

General Evaluation ◽

Critical Metal ◽

Critical Raw Materials

The paper is proposing a mini-review on the capability of the new complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) to substitute or reduce the use of critical raw materials in applications for extreme conditions. Aspects regarding the regulations and expectations formulated by the European Union in the most recent reports on the critical raw materials were presented concisely. A general evaluation was performed on the CCAs concept and the research directions. The advantages of using critical metals for particular applications were presented to acknowledge the difficulty in the substitution of such elements with other materials. In order to establish the level of involvement of CCAs in the reduction of critical metal in extreme environment applications, a presentation was made of the previous achievements in the field and the potential for the reduction of critical metal content through the use of multi-component compositions.

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Preliminary Characterization of Three Metallurgical Bauxite Residue Samples

Materials Proceedings ◽

10.3390/materproc2021005066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Panagiotis Angelopoulos ◽

Maria Georgiou ◽

Paschalis Oustadakis ◽

Maria Taxiarchou ◽

Hakan Karadağ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Bauxite Residue ◽

Raw Material ◽

Morphological Observation ◽

Critical Metals ◽

Alumina Production ◽

Preliminary Characterization ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Extraction And Separation ◽

Bulk Chemical

Bauxite Metallurgical Residue (BR) is a highly alkaline and very fine-grained by-product of the Bayer process for alumina production. Its huge global annual production has resulted in increasing accumulation of BR, causing deposition problems and serious environmental issues. RM contains oxides and salts of the main elements Fe, Al, Ca, Na, Si, Ti, and rare earths—REEs (Sc, Nd, Y, La, Ce, Ds)—many of which have been categorised by EU as critical metals (CMs). The valorisation of BR as a low-cost secondary raw material and metal resource could be a route for its reduction, introducing the waste into the economic cycle. REEScue constitutes a research project that aims to instigate the efficient exploitation of European bauxite residues, resulting from alumina production from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA), containing appreciable concentrations of scandium and REEs, through the development of a number of innovative extraction and separation technologies that can efficiently address the drawbacks of the existing solution. The consortium consists of three alumina producers from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA) and two academic partners from Greece (National Technical University of Athens) and Turkey (Necmettin Erbacan University). We present preliminary characterization results of three different BR samples that originate from the three aluminium industries, in respect of bulk chemical analysis (XRF, ICP), mineralogical investigation (XRD), and morphological observation through microscopy.

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Physical and Chemical Fundamentals and Technical Solutions for Recovery of Non-ferrous and Rare Metals from Industrial Wastes

KnE Materials Science ◽

10.18502/kms.v6i1.8115 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

P.A. Kozlov ◽

A.M. Panshin ◽

L.I. Leontiev

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Block Diagram ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Base ◽

Waelz Process ◽

Zinc Cadmium ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Increasing Demand

The increasing demand for zinc and a range of zinc-related metals (for example: lead; indium; tin; cadmium; and copper) in the Russian Federation cannot be satisfied by the existing production plants due to the lack of raw materials. At the same time, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry have accumulated hundreds of millions of tons of zinc wastes (falling into the hazard categories 2 to 4), the processing of which could not only make up the raw material base, but also improve the environmental situation. In the world, over 85% of ferrous dust is recycled using the Waelz process. The Waeltz process is used for distilling separation of elements under reducing conditions. In this study, a block diagram for production of the following elements from industrial wastes is proposed: zinc, cadmium and indium in form of massive metals; zinc and indium in the form of fine powders; and clinker as a raw material for cement production. The technical and scientific details of this new process have been patented in the Russian Federation and abroad. For the first time, the following operations have been implemented with the use of large-sized Waelz kilns: vapour-oxidized Waeltz treatment of polymetallic wastes; recycling of heat from gases and solid products with generation of process fumes; and implementation of alternative flux (dolomite) and alternative fuel (petroleum coke). Keywords: Waelz process, industrial wastes, heat recycling, vapour-oxidized Waelz processing

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New data on flint processing of East Trypillia tribes of the Bug-Dnieper interfluve

Vita Antiqua ◽

10.37098/va-2021-13-113-128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 113-128

Author(s):

Ye.V. Pichkur ◽

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Production Waste ◽

The West ◽

Quantitative Ratio ◽

Lithic Industry ◽

Modern Level ◽

First Time ◽

Local Nature

For the first time, materials of such settlements of the East Trypillia culture as Trostyanchyk, Onopriyivka І are published. Despite approximately the same quantitative ratio, even at first glance, the materials of these two leaflets differ significantly from each other. The Trostyanchyk complex is actually blade-type: blades prevail both among production waste and among the tool kit. Flakes and tools on them dominate in Onopriyivka. If the Trostyanchyk complex can be regarded as "classic" in terms of the tool kit: retouched blades, end-scrapers, sickle inserts, perforators on blades, etc., then the Onopriyivka complex looks more primitive: retouched flakes, notched tools and scrapers on flakes, and others. In Onopriyivka, unlike Trostyanchyk, finds of weapons are completely absent. Products from Onopriyivka are made mainly of local raw materials, while in Trostyanchyk there are approximately equal parts of products from local and imported raw materials, and products from local flint are made as carefully as products from Volyn flint. At the same time, in both cases we can confidently speak of the local nature of production. This is evidenced by both the use of local flint raw material and the specific items present in both collections. In Trostyanchyk, as already mentioned, a hammerstone was found, in Onopriyivka — core-like fragments and chips of modify of cores. Such differences can be explained by both territorial and chronological discrepancies. Onopriyivka I is earlier, refers to the end of stage ВІ, Trostyanchyk — to the end of stage ВІІ. Trostyanchyk is located on the Southern Bug, Onopriyivka — in the Bugo-Dnieper interfluve. Although, perhaps, this situation is explained by the unevenness of the study of these sites. In addition, materials from the Vladyslavchyk settlement are published for the first time. Based on their analysis, using analogies from related and synchronous sites, the author tried to identify the features of the East Trypillia lithic industry in the Bug-Dnieper rivers interfluve. As it turned out, at the modern level, the identification of such features is not possible. The materials of the East Trypillia culture of the region are, on the whole, more similar to the materials of the settlements of the West Trypillia culture, than to related sites on the Southern Bug. Keywords: East Trypillia culture, Kukutenʹ-Trypillya, production, flint processing, Bug-Dnieper interfluve

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WEEE collection and CRM recovery trials: piloting a holistic approach for Scotland

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.002643 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 712-718

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Scale Up ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Raw Material ◽

Household Waste ◽

Sustainable Supply Chain ◽

Gold Silver ◽

Critical Raw Materials

Re-Tek UK and its partners, Enscape Consulting and the University of West of Scotland commenced trials for the collection and recovery of critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic (WEEE) products in July 2016. Sponsored by the EU LIFE funded project ‘Critical Raw Material Closed Loop Recovery’ coordinated by WRAP with EARN, ERP UK Ltd, KTN Ltd and Wuppertal Institute as beneficiaries. The trials are aimed at boosting the recovery of critical raw materials (CRMs) from household waste electrical and electronic products (WEEE) and Information Communications Technology (ICT) in particular, after functioning equipment is separated out for re-use. The new collection models provided residents with the opportunity to drop-off unwanted electrical and electronic appliances at a time and place that suits them, through a collaborative approach which encourages local authorities, educational establishments, businesses, and Social Enterprises, etc to act as hub sites. Hubs were designed to minimize product damage and encourage drop-off, rather than hoarding. Extraction methods developed after the collection phase of the trial looked at the opportunity to recover cobalt, gold and silver from ICT products, with the potential to inform how a more sustainable supply chain could be developed in Scotland. The elements studied were selected to demonstrate financial opportunity (gold/silver) and a strategic priority material (cobalt) for long term supply. These are based on bioleaching and electrochemical recovery using novel carbon based electrode systems, and chemical processing methods using extraction techniques with an assessment of pilot performance and scale up challenges. Our report is on the state of progress towards practical solutions to WEEE and CRM recovery.

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Sustainable Construction Materials

Architecture and Design ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7314-2.ch024 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 658-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. V. Ralegaonkar ◽

M. V. Madurwar ◽

V. V. Sakhare

Keyword(s):

Smart City ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sustainable Construction ◽

City Development ◽

Chemical Test ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

By Products

Due to ever increasing demand for the conventional construction materials as well as an increase in agro-industrial by-products it is essential to reuse these materials. As a smart city solution this chapter briefs an overview for the application of alternate raw materials as a principal source for the development of sustainable construction materials. The potential application of the discussed raw materials is elaborated as cementitious material, the aggregates as well as alternative reinforcement material. To understand the process of application, sustainable masonry product development is discussed in detail. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the raw material, the necessary physico-chemical test evaluation methods are also briefed. The developed end product performance evaluation is also discussed by desired tests as recommended by standards. The chapter concludes with a positive note that reuse of agro-industrial by-products is a feasible solution for the smart city development.

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Agro-Morphological, Microanatomical and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of the Medicinal Plant Chelidonium majus L.

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9101396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1396

Author(s):

Tatiana E. Samatadze ◽

Olga Y. Yurkevich ◽

Firdaus M. Hazieva ◽

Elena A. Konyaeva ◽

Alexander I. Morozov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

5S Rdna ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chelidonium Majus ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Cytogenetic Characterization ◽

First Time

Chelidonium majus L. is a medicinal plant well-known as a valuable source of isoquinoline alkaloids, which has a variety of pharmacological properties including anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. However, considerable intraspecific bio-morphological variability in C. majus complicates raw material identification and verification. For the first time, we have brought into cultivation five populations of C. majus subsp. majus originated from different regions, and performed their agro-morphological, microanatomical and molecular cytogenetic characterization. All examined populations produced high seed (18.6–19.9 kg/ha) and raw material (0.84–1.08 t/ha) yields; total alkaloid contents were within 0.30–0.38%. Nevertheless, significant differences in plant morphology and yield-contributing traits were observed. The performed microanatomical analysis of leaves and flowers in double- and normal-flowered plants revealed micro-diagnostic features (including tissue topography, types of stomata, laticifers, structure of leaf mesophyll, hairs, sepals and petals) important for identification of C. majus raw materials. The analysis of chromosome morphology, DAPI-banding patterns, FISH mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA and also chromosome behavior in meiosis allowed us to identify for the first time all chromosomes in karyotypes and confirm relative genotype stability of the studied plants. Our findings indicate that the examined C. majus populations can be used in further breeding programs.

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Green gold of Africa – Can growing native bamboo in Ethiopia become a commercially viable business?

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc2014-127 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 90 (05) ◽

pp. 628-635 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Felix Böck

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Wood Products ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sustainable Construction ◽

Sustainable Business ◽

Subtropical Zone ◽

New Construction ◽

Increasing Demand

With concerns about climate change and the search for sustainable construction materials, significant attention is now being paid to Africa's natural resources. Ethiopia, known as Africa's political capital, has a rapidly expanding economy with increasing demand for new construction materials. Through public private partnerships projects the country is developing a sustainable business model to promote bamboo as a raw material. The subtropical zone of Ethiopia is home to approximately 65% of Africa's bamboo resources, an area of over 1 million hectares. Bamboo is potentially an ideal source of local, sustainable purpose-engineered building materials for growing cities not only in Ethiopia but across Africa. Production of conventional construction materials such as steel and concrete is expensive, highly energy intensive and unsustainable, requiring large quantities of water and is strongly dependent on imported raw materials. Bamboo is a renewable building material widely cultivated in Ethiopia but not yet utilized in modern construction. Structural Bamboo Products (SBP), similar to engineered wood products, have excellent potential to partially replace the use of more energy-intensive materials. Projects such as African Bamboo are taking steps in managing, cultivating and using Ethiopian bamboo species to help mitigate rapid deforestation in East Africa by creating alternative “wood” sources and sustainable business opportunities.

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Effect of mechanically activated raw materials on β-sialon formation by combustion synthesis

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.2007.0338 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 2863-2867 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ramasamy Sivakumar ◽

Kazuhiko Aoyagi ◽

Tomohiro Akiyama

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Activation ◽

Combustion Synthesis ◽

Milling Time ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

First Time

The influence of different raw material mixtures on β-sialon (Si6−zAlzOzN8−z, 1 ⩽ z ⩽ 4) formation through mechanical activation coupled combustion synthesis (MA-CS) was investigated in low nitriding atmosphere of 1 MPa without diluent inclusions. The MA-CS performed for the first time on sialon raw materials with milling time of 18 min obtained sialons more than three times as pure as those obtained by CS of mixtures ball milled to 1 h (z = 3). The starting materials containing silicon, aluminum, and alumina (z = 4) after MA-CS had an increment of sialon amounts up to 88 mass%.

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