scholarly journals SNAKE BITE

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asif Ansari ◽  
Ahmed Hussain ◽  
Nisar Ahmed Shah ◽  
Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Snake bites are increasing amongst those who unlawfully keep snakes as petsworldwide. The rural population active in agricultural works, laborers, herders, professionalsnake handlers, trekkers, snake charmers and fishermen are at risk for snake bites. Objectives:To determine the frequency and pattern of vasculotoxic effects in patients with snake bite.Design: Case Study. Period: Six Months Setting: Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad.Patients and methods: All the patients who initially present in casualty department of hospitalwith the history of snake bite were enrolled in the study. The vasculotoxic effects were evaluatedby whole blood clotting time (WBCT) test, bleeding time, PT/APTT, hypofibrinogemia, DIC andthrombocytopenia. Relevant information would be entered in specifically designed proformafor this study. The data was entered, saved and analyzed in SPSS. So no test of significancewould be applied. Results: Out of 140 patients 112(80%) had vasculotoxic effects, of which80(72%) were males and 32(28%) were females. The mean age ±SD of the overall patients was37.53±8.72 whereas the mean age ±SD of male and female population was 38.98±7.44 and34.88±4.32 respectively. The systemic bleeding was observed in 99% patients, the fang marksin 94 patients, the prolonged bleeding time, WBCT and PT/APTT in 103, 96 and 101 patients,thrombocytopenia in 93 patients, hypofibrinogemia in 81 patients and DIC in 76 patients.The hamaturia (22%), hamoptysis(16%) and hametemesis (11%) was predominant features.The gangrene was observed in 02 patients, vomiting was observed in 60% of patients hadhaematemesis in 11%, bleeding gums in 03 cases and haemoptysis in 16%. Renal failure wasobserved in 12 cases. Conclusions: The coagulation tests disturbed as venom increases theclotting time. Proteins digesting enzymes or thrombin like activity of venom may be one of thecauses for prolongation coagulation tests (vasculotoxic effects)

1961 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldur W. Eriksson

SUMMARYAnother family in the Åland archipelago (Fennoscandia) suffering from a hemorrhagic disorder (von Willebrand-Jürgens' disease, heredi tary constitutional thrombopathie) is described. This family, so far the largest in the literature, has many common ancestors with the original bleeder families on Åland described in 1926 by v. Willebrand. Of the more than 1300 kindred traced genealogically, 132 (71 women and 61 men) in the five most recent generations have had manifest bleeding disorders in their medical history. Of the ca. 450 living relatives of this family 211 could be examined, and of these 56 females and 50 males were confirmed to be bleeders anamnestically, clinically or, and hematologically. Several cases were analysed exhaustively by modern coagulation tests. The clinical and laboratory hemostatic findings varied widely both inter- and intra-individually. Some patients showed a partial lack of a plasma factor (AHG) coupled with a qualitative platelet defect. Other patients of this family without bleeding disorders had a markedly prolonged bleeding time. The vascular disturbances also vary widely. The consanguinity in this pedigree is unusually high. The autosomal recessive in heritance are discussed. According to the mendelian segregation ratio, a not sex-linked, dominant transmission of the hemmorrhagic diathesis was in question. I has been possible to observe the hemostatic disturbances in 4-5 generations. The penetration of the gene is high, the expressiveness is unsteady.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Thomas ◽  
Adam Kopiec ◽  
Kunkel Mark ◽  
L. Mae Chandler

Introduction. Injury to the Lisfranc’s joint, in particular to the second metatarsal–medial cuneiform (second MMC) joint, can be difficult to evaluate, especially in subtle Lisfranc injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the Lisfranc joint width (diastasis) of the adult foot in a standardized population thereby establishing a potential reference range when investigating this area for potential injury. Methods. The 2nd MMC joint in 50 men and 50 women was evaluated. Individuals with a history of foot/ankle pain, previous foot/ankle operation or fracture, or a history of systemic disease were excluded from the study. Bilateral weightbearing digital anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs were taken using a standardized method. Results. The mean 2nd MMC diastasis in 200 feet was 5.6 mm (95% CI 5.39-5.81). In the female population, the mean 2nd MMC diastasis was 5.8 mm (95% CI 5.51-6.09) as compared with 5.6 mm (95% CI 5.31-5.89) in males. The mean distance between the fifth metatarsal base and first cuneiform in the entire study population was 16.3 mm (95% CI 15.57-17.03). Conclusion. This study helps define baseline measurements of the Lisfranc joint for the general population, which can provide a standard measurement against which suspected foot injuries can be compared. Level of Evidence: Level IV.


1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R McKenna ◽  
F Bachmann ◽  
O Pichairut ◽  
B Whittaker

There is considerable controversy regarding the effect of Prednisone on the hemostatic mechanism of normal people versus patients with bleeding diatheses. We administered Prednisone 15 mg TID to patients with a positive history of a bleeding disorder, and evaluated the bleeding time and other in-vitrc tests of platelet function prior to and between the 5th and 7th day after Prednisone.Eleven patients were admitted into this study over a one year period. All patients had a history of excessive bruising, epistaxis, bleeding after dental extractions, and gastrointestinal or other bleeding in various combinations. Two out of the eleven had template bleeding times of greater than 15 minutes both before and after the Prednisone. These two patients were subsequently proven to have von Willebrand’s disease by the washed platelet ristocetin assay. In the remaining 9 patients, the pre-Prednisone bleeding time was 9.3 ±3.7 minutes (x ± 1 S.D.) whereas the post-Prednisone bleeding time was 5.8 ±3.6 minutes (x ±1 S.D.). These results were significant(td=3.83;df:7;p=0.007).Platelet aggregation in response to exogenous ADP (1 μM, 3 μM) Sigma bovine tendon collagen (1.8 mg/ml F) and epinephrine (5.5 × 104M), platelet retention in a glass bead column or platelet factor 3 availability did not improve or worsen after Prednisone therapy. The mean platelet count of 328,000±94,000 (x ±1 S.D.) was significantly (p=0.05) higher than the mean pre-Prednisone platelet count of 268,000±77,000 (x ±1 S.D.).In conclusion, we have shown that large doses of Prednisone appear to shorten the bleeding time in patients with significant defects in the primary hemostatic mechanism. However the bleeding time improvement is not evident in patients with von Willebrand’s disease.


Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3379-3379
Author(s):  
Trishala Agrawal ◽  
Louisa Mazza-Hilway ◽  
Alice J. Cohen ◽  
Sari H Jacoby

Abstract Abstract 3379 Background: The literature in the past has recommended pre-operative (PRE-O) coagulation screening only when indicated by history or physical exam. Despite these recommendations, surgeons continue to order PT and PTT prior to surgery, especially in children, because they have often not been hemostatically challenged. We evaluated the usefulness of screening tests in identifying significant bleeding risk and associated cost. Methods: We performed a retrospective audit on children referred to the hemophilia center sent for further evaluation of abnormal PT and PTT on PRE-O screening. We reviewed 62 patients who had 80 procedures, out of which 70 procedures were evaluable with complete data. Age, personal and family history of bleeding, coagulation tests, PRE-O and post-operative (PO) treatment, and immediate PO bleeding were assessed. Results: The most common procedure that led to PRE-O screening was tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy at 61% (49/80). Other procedures included orthopedic, GI, oral, dental extractions, and myringotomies. Only 2.5% (2/80) were cardiac procedures. The mean patient age was 6 years (range 1–16). 55% (34/62) had no personal or family history of bleeding. 22.5% (14/62) had a family history of mild bleeding such as epistaxis or menorrhagia. 8% (5/62) had a family history of major bleeding disorders such as Von Willebrand disease (VWD) or hemophilia. 14.5% (9/62) had a personal history of bleeding, mild or major. The most common abnormal screening test was the PT at 40% (25/62). 27% (17/62) had an abnormal PTT (3.2% \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(262\) \end{document} with a significantly abnormal PTT above 50). 22.5% (14/62) were referred for abnormal PT/PTT. 8% (5/62) with an abnormal PT and/or PTT corrected on repeat studies. The remaining 9.6% (6/62) were referred for other reasons such as positive family or personal history and a high risk procedure. Additional coagulation tests ordered because of prolonged PT or PTT varied and included additional factor assays (Table 1). The mean cost of additional testing was >$1000. Factor VII was the most common factor deficiency identified with a mean activity of 47% (27–54%) (normal 55–163%) followed by factor XII deficiency with a mean activity of 39% ( 19–49%) (normal 46–168%). PRE-O, 5 patients received support with either Humate P, Stimate, Amicar, or DDAVP, 4 with a diagnosis of VWD and 1 with Jacobsen Syndrome; 3 of these patients received PO Amicar. PO, 69/70 procedures were completed with minimal (2–45 mL) bleeding. Only 1/70 procedures had significant PO bleeding, despite normal tests. This patient did not have any significant immediate PO bleeding, but had delayed bleeding reported at day 7 requiring cauterization. No other cases of delayed PO bleeding were reported to our clinic. Conclusion: In patients who undergo routine screening by laboratory testing only, the most common abnormality found was a prolonged PT. Subsequent workup of patients with abnormal screening tests identified factor VII or factor XII deficiencies most frequently. Only one patient with abnormal PT/PTT was diagnosed with a significant bleeding disorder, VWD. Major bleeding occurred rarely. This study demonstrates that the cost of extensive PRE-O coagulation testing is high with minimal clinical impact. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 1399-1399
Author(s):  
Shannon Jackson ◽  
Leah Odiaman ◽  
Morna Brown ◽  
Carol Spitzer ◽  
Robert T. Card ◽  
...  

Abstract Abstract 1399 Background: Disorders of collagen may be associated with a mild bleeding tendency because of the interaction of collagen with von Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelets required during primary hemostasis and generalized soft tissue fragility. Therefore, collagen disorders may be unrecognized contributors to existing disorders of primary hemostasis. Synergism between these entities could produce a more significant bleeding tendency than predicted based on laboratory abnormalities alone. Symptomatic joint hypermobility (SJH) is found in over 90% of collagen disorders and can be objectively measured as a surrogate marker of a potential collagen disorder. Objective: To determine the prevalence of suspected collagen disorders in a cohort of adult subjects with mucocutaneous inherited bleeding disorders in comparison to healthy controls using SJH as a marker for a potential collagen disorder. Methods: Fifty-five consecutive subjects, ≥ 16 years of age, attending the Adult Bleeding Disorders (BD) Clinic with a history of von Willebrand disease, platelet function disorder or undefined bleeding disorder and 60 controls (age and sex-matched) were enrolled between June 2008 and February 2010. All subjects were assessed for: i) Generalized joint hypermobility, defined using the Beighton score whereby a score of ≥ 4 out of 9 is considered positive; ii) SJH, defined using the major Brighton criteria which is a Beighton score of ≥ 4 AND arthralgia for longer than 3 months in 4 or more joints; and, iii) Bleeding score (BS), using the Condensed MCMDM1-VWD, with a positive score defined as ≥ 4 for both sexes. CBC, blood group, VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, FVIII:C and closure times were collected prospectively in the control group and retrospectively in the clinic subjects in addition to bleeding time and platelet aggregation studies. Results: The prevalence of SJH with a positive bleeding score was 24% in the BD clinic and 1.6% in controls (see table). Seventy-seven percent of SJH subjects (10/13) in the BD clinic had a prior personal or family history of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, other Joint Hypermobility Syndrome or Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI). Only the OI subject had prior clinical documentation of a collagen disorder. There was no statistical difference in laboratory measures of hemostasis or bleeding score in the BD clinic subjects with or without SJH. Of interest, mean bleeding time in the BD clinic subjects (available in 38 subjects) was 10.5 minutes in the SJH group and 10 minutes in the non-SJH group suggesting that bleeding time is not a good screening test for the presence of abnormal collagen. Isolated joint hypermobility (Beighton score of ≥ 4) not associated with arthralgia was common in both groups (40% and 30% respectively) in this predominately female population of subjects with inherited mucocutaneous bleeding. Conclusions: SJH suggesting a collagen disorder is common and often unrecognized in the BD clinic as a potential contributor to the bleeding symptoms. Asymptomatic joint hypermobility is common in this predominately female population and not an adequate screening tool for a potential collagen disorder. A prolonged bleeding time did not predict the presence of SJH in this cohort. Further study is required to confirm the nature of collagen disorders in the BD clinic population and the relationship to bleeding manifestations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Suleiman Gwani ◽  
Eduitem Sunday Otong ◽  
Sani Abubakar Bello ◽  
Hamza Mustapha Ahmed ◽  
Dlama Zira Joseph ◽  
...  

Studies have shown that knee alignment parameters differ among races. However, to our knowledge, radiographic frontal plane knee alignment has not been studied in normal northern Nigerian adults. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the frontal plane knee alignment in normal northern Nigerian adults. This study recruited a total of 59 consented subjects (44 males, 15 females). The entire subjects are without any history of lower extremity deformity. Anteroposterior radiographs of both knees with the patella positioned straight ahead were obtained from each participant while standing in a relaxed bipedal stance and placing equal weight on each limb. Alignment was assessed by measuring the tibiofemoral angle (TFA), distal femoral angle (DFA) and proximal tibial angle (PTA). The angles were measured with the aid of a universal plastic goniometre and a plastic ruler. Descriptive statistics of the alignment parameters, independent and paired t-test were computed. In the male population, the mean (standard deviation) obtained were 179.06 (3.87)o for the TFA, 85.94 (3.03 o for the DFA and 89.27 (3.26)o for the PTA. In the female population, the values were 179.53 (3.38)o for the TFA, 86.40 (2.97)o for the DFA and 89.27 (2.15)o for the PTA. No significant mean difference was observed between genders in all the parameters. The TFA does not show any significant difference between the right and left angle regardless of gender. However, significant mean differences were observed in the DFA and PTA of males and combined population. No significant difference was observed in the DFA and PTA of females. Accordingly, northern Nigerian adults may have varus knee alignment compared to other races. Thus, this pre-existing varus alignment should be taken into consideration during clinical examination, preoperative planning and postoperative evaluations of knee deformities in this population.


2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1555-1559
Author(s):  
Mashooq Ali Dasti ◽  
Syed Fasih Ahmed Hashmi ◽  
Nisar Ahmed Shah ◽  
Syed Saad Hussain ◽  
Munaza Gohar ◽  
...  

Objectives: To determine the frequency of hyperuricemia in patients withessential hypertension. Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive. Period: Six months study.Setting: Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Patients and Methods: All the patients withessential hypertension visited at cardiac OPD / admitted in the ward were further evaluated forserum uric acid level. The data was analyzed in SPSS 16 and the frequency and percentage wascalculated. Results: During six months study period, total one hundred and eighty (180) patientswith essential hypertension were recruited and study for uric acid level. The mean age ±SDfor overall population was 52.84±8.72 whereas it was 55.83±7.93 and 50.75±8.95 in male andfemale population respectively. The mean ± SD of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)in overall population was 160.50 ± 12.74 and 100.70±5.95 respectively. The mean ±SD serumuric acid level in overall population was 13.74±4.83 while it was 11.74±6.44 and 14.43±4.31 inmale and female population respectively). The male population was predominant in relation toage (p=0.02), the hyperuricemia was identified in 117/180 (65%) patients and it is statisticallysignificant in context to age (p<0.01) and gender (p<0.05) whereas mean ±SD of systolic anddiastolic blood pressure was also significant in relation to hyperuricemia. Conclusion: There isa relationship between hyperuricemia and hypertension and shown that the serum uric acid levelwas significantly increased in patients with essential hypertension.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Salman Khazaei ◽  
Manoochehr Solgi ◽  
Shahram Goodarzi ◽  
Leila Khazaei ◽  
Iraj Salehi ◽  
...  

AbstractBackgroundBrucellosis is an infectious zoonosis, which greatly afflicts human health and animal productivity.ObjectivesTo describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Nahavand county, Hamadan Province, western Iran over 8 years (2010–2017).MethodsIn this registry-based longitudinal study, we analyzed all reported cases of human brucellosis, including 1,130 patients from 2010 to 2017. A checklist including demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with reported cases of brucellosis had been used to gather data. We calculated annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) using Joinpoint software to determine the trend of brucellosis using a segmented regression model.ResultsAmong the patients, 60.9% were male and 87.3% lived in rural areas. The mean age of the patients was 35.9 ± 18.34 years. Compared with male patients, female patients were more affected when they were elderly (15.6% men vs. 24.2% women for those aged ≥55 years) (P = 0.001). Of patients with brucellosis, 65.2% had consumed unpasteurized dairy products and 82.3% had a history of contact with animals. The incidence of human brucellosis in Nahavand county increased between 2010 and 2014, then decreased in 2015, and thereafter remained steady. Per 100,000 population, the AAPC pertaining to the incidence was 17.4 in the male population (95% CI: 4.4, 31.9), 13.8 in the female population (95% CI: 0.2, 29.3), and 16.1 in rural dwellers (95% CI: 2.2, 31.8) indicating an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017 (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe incidence of brucellosis in the western part of Iran is high and remains a challenging health problem. In the present study, age, job, sex, and seasonal changes are important risk factors for human brucellosis.


2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1218-1222
Author(s):  
Nasreen - ◽  
Aqeel Ahmed Channa ◽  
Abdul Raheem Memon ◽  
Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal

Objectives: To determine the frequency of liver fibrosis by non invasive markerin patients with chronic viral hepatitis B. Study Design: Cross sectional clearly investigate aboutchronic viral hepatitis population. Setting: Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Period: Sixmonths, 09-Jan-2014 to 08-July-2014. Patients and Methods: All the patients of 16-50 years ofage, of either gender with chronic viral hepatitis B infection for more than 6 months duration wereadmitted and evaluated for liver fibrosis through non invasive marker (APRI). The SPSS was usedto manipulate the data. Results: During six month study period, total 140 patients with chronicviral hepatitis B infected patients were evaluated for liver fibrosis. Majority of patients were fromurban areas 112/140 (80%). The mean ±SD for age of patients with chronic viral hepatitis Binfection was 37.95±9.77. The mean age ±SD of hepatic fibrotic patients was 35.72±7.62.The mean ±SD for age of male and female population was 35.83±8.74 and 33.83 ± 6.53respectively. The mean ± SD for APRI score in hepatic fibrotic subjects was 1.31±0.31 while inrelation to liver fibrotic male and female patients it was 0.91±0.21 and 1.00±0.32 respectively.Majority of the subjects were 30-39 years of age and the male population predominant (p=0.02)whereas the liver fibrosis was identified in 89/140 (63.5) [p=<0.01] as far as gender distributionis concerned. Conclusion: APRI may be used as a simple and readily available tool for thediagnosis of significant fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Dr. Sanjay Chavan ◽  
Dr. Karthik Kolkur ◽  
Dr. Darshita Shukla ◽  
Dr. Sharad Agarkhedkar

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia is an extremely rare autosomal recessive inherited bleeding disorder characterized by defective platelet aggregation leading to prolonged bleeding time. Patients may present with easy bruising, purpura, epistaxis, menorrhagia and gingival bleeding. Though the disease is rare, the prognosis is usually excellent with supportive care. Here, we report the case of Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia in a young female who presented with complaints of epistaxis and a history of easy bruising. The patient improved with symptomatic and supportive care. The patient got discharged and is doing well under regular follow-up.


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