scholarly journals Testing of Ferarabivac anti-rabies live vaccine for wild carnivores for its immunogenicity and protectivity

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
A. V. Shishkov ◽  
D. A. Lozovoy ◽  
A. V. Borisov ◽  
D. V. Mikhalishin
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Wild Carnivores ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Raccoon Dogs

Rabies is one of the most important human and animal viral diseases, being one of the most dangerous zoonoses, causing damage to the central nervous system with an inevitable fatal outcome. This disease is of global concern, and it attracts special attention of international organizations (WHO, OIE, FAO, GARC) and of veterinary services in many countries around the world. A variety of anti-rabies vaccines have been used for specific rabies prevention in wild carnivores, however, the safety and effectiveness of some of them is doubtful. New, more advanced products are being developed, one of which is Ferarabivac, a live oral vaccine. The vaccine was tested for its immunogenicity and protectivity in wild carnivores. The optimal immunizing dose was 2.0 cm3, with the infectivity titre of RV-97 strain of at least 6.00 lg KKID50/cm3. Anti-rabies antibody titres detected in the blood sera of foxes and raccoon dogs 14 days post vaccination, were 0.70 ± 0.18 and 0.73 ± 0.19 IU/cm3, respectively, which provided protection against rabies virus infection (≥ 0.50 IU/cm3). Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in foxes reached their maximum level of 4.30 ± 0.32 IU/cm3 50 days post vaccination. Antibody titres in vaccinated raccoon dogs also reached their maximum level of 4.53 ± 0.27 IU/cm3 50 days post vaccination. The minimum protective threshold levels of serum neutralizing antibodies was determined 12 months after the vaccination, and it was 0.62 ± 0.28 and 0.71 ± 0.17 IU/cm3 in foxes and raccoon dogs, respectively, which proves the necessity to perform booster vaccination one year later. No animals vaccinated against rabies with Ferarabivac live vaccine showed any clinical signs of the disease during the entire observation period following the challenge test carried out 30 days post vaccination.

scholarly journals Serological response to rabies virus induced by commercial vaccines in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Martins ◽  
João Motta de Quadros ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores ◽  
Rudi Weiblen
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT: The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers ≥0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals.

scholarly journals An evaluation of two commercially available ELISAs and one in-house reference laboratory ELISA for the determination of human anti-rabies virus antibodies

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 806-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Welch ◽  
Brian L. Anderson ◽  
Christine M. Litwin
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Envelope Glycoprotein ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Antibody Titres

The envelope glycoprotein G of rabies virus in vaccines induces the production of neutralizing antibodies important in the protection against the disease. The measurement of anti-envelope glycoprotein antibodies is a good predictor of the degree of humoral immunity in people during anti-rabies treatment or after vaccination. Several assays exist for the serological determination of antibody protection against rabies virus infection. Antibody neutralization by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) or the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test is currently the gold standard. Performance of the highly complex RFFIT and FAVN tests, however, requires specialized reference laboratories with expertise with this assay. Although not widely used, ELISA test kits are available and may be an additional option for testing that is more accessible. The aim of the present study was to evaluate available ELISA assays for the determination of anti-rabies antibodies. We compared the Bio-Rad Platelia Rabies II ELISA, DRG Rabies Virus IgG Ab ELISA and Focus Diagnostics Rabies Antibody Detection by ELISA to RFFIT. Bland–Altman plots comparing the Bio-Rad Platelia assay and the Focus Diagnostics assay to RFFIT showed a low degree of variability between the ELISA assays and RFFIT results except in samples with high RFFIT values. The agreement, sensitivity and specificity of Bio-Rad Platelia Rabies II ELISA when compared to RFFIT were 95.1 %, 94.1 % and 95.8 %, respectively. The DRG Rabies assay compared to RFFIT had an agreement of 77.7 %, a sensitivity of 86.7 % and a specificity of 69.4 %. The agreement, sensitivity and specificity of Focus Diagnostics Rabies Detection by ELISA when compared to RFFIT were 82.2 %, 91.7 % and 73.0 %, respectively. Overall, the Bio-Rad Platelia assay showed higher accuracy and specificity than either the DRG or Focus assays. All of these ELISAs, however, measure all antibody types and do not discriminate the neutralizing antibodies as measured by functional assays (RFFIT and FAVN) and cannot be relied upon to predict the neutralizing activity of the sera. The results of this study offer insight into the availability of alternative, less-complex methods to monitor rabies antibody titres in at-risk individuals following vaccination.

scholarly journals Comparative immunogenicity and efficacy studies with oral rabies virus vaccine SAD P5/88 in raccoon dogs and red foxes

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-290
Author(s):  
P. Schuster ◽  
T. Müller ◽  
A. Vos ◽  
T. Selhorst ◽  
L. Neubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Oral Application ◽  
Raccoon Dogs ◽  
Efficacy Studies

A comparative study of immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine SAD P5/88 in raccoon dogs and foxes was conducted. The raccoon dogs received 10 (n = 6), 106.3 (n = 6) or 105.7 FFU SAD P5/88 (n = 5) by direct oral application, and subsequently all animals seroconverted. The foxes received 107.2 (n = 4), 106.2 (n = 4), 105.2 (n = 4) and 104.2 FFU SAD P5/88 (n = 5) by the same route. On days 106 and 196 post vaccination 10 raccoon dogs and 16 foxes were challenged with a relevant street virus, respectively. All 10 raccoon dogs vaccinated with 106.3 (n = 5) or 105.7 FFU SAD P5/88 (n = 5) survived the challenge, whereas all control animals (n = 5) died of rabies. Two foxes vaccinated with 104.2 FFU and one fox vaccinated with 105.2 FFU died of rabies on day 7, 17 and 12 post infection, respectively. Also all control foxes succumbed to rabies. Our findings demonstrate that SAD P5/88 is not only an effective vaccine for oral vaccination of foxes but also for that of raccoon dogs.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity Studies in Carnivores Using a Rabies Virus Construct with a Site-Directed Deletion in the Phosphoprotein

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ad Vos ◽  
Karl-Klaus Conzelmann ◽  
Stefan Finke ◽  
Thomas Müller ◽  
Jens Teifke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
P Gene ◽  
Interferon Induction ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
A Site

Different approaches have been applied to develop highly attenuated rabies virus vaccines for oral vaccination of mesocarnivores. One prototype vaccine construct is SAD dIND1, which contains a deletion in the P-gene severely limiting the inhibition of type-1 interferon induction. Immunogenicity studies in foxes and skunks were undertaken to investigate whether this highly attenuated vaccine would be more immunogenic than the parental SAD B19 vaccine strain. In foxes, it was demonstrated that SAD dIND1 protected the animals against a rabies infection after a single oral dose, although virus neutralizing antibody titres were lower than in foxes orally vaccinated with the SAD B19 virus as observed in previous experiments. In contrast, skunks receiving 107.5FFU SAD dIND1 did not develop virus neutralizing antibodies and were not protected against a subsequent rabies infection.

scholarly journals Oral Rabies Vaccination of Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) with ONRAB via Ultralite Baits

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Are R. Berentsen ◽  
Israel L. Leinbach ◽  
Mel J. Rivera-Rodriguez ◽  
Amy T. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Rabies Glycoprotein ◽  
Fluorescent Focus ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

The Ontario Rabies Vaccine (ONRAB) is a human adenovirus rabies glycoprotein recombinant oral vaccine immunogenic for small Indian mongooses when delivered by direct instillation into the oral cavity. We offered Ultralite baits containing ~1.8 mL 109.5 TCID50 ONRAB oral rabies vaccine to 18 mongooses, while 6 mongooses were offered identical baits in placebo form. We collected sera from individual mongooses at days 0, 14 and 30 post vaccination (pv) and quantified rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, with titers greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/mL considered positive. All study subjects were RVNA negative prior to bait offering. Bait consumption was variable: all 6 sham and 13 of 18 (72%) treatment animals consumed/punctured the baits offered. By day 30 pv, RVNA were detected among 11 of 13 (84.6%) of treatment mongooses that consumed/punctured baits, whereas sham-vaccinated mongooses remained RVNA negative throughout the study. We conclude ONRAB is immunogenic for mongooses by Ultralite bait delivery, although the bait design may need further optimization.

METHOD OF DETERMINING THE IMMUNOGENIC ACTIVITY OF LIVE VACCINE AGAINST RABIES IN WILD ANIMALS IN MICE

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
V. A. Babak ◽  
A. A. Gusev ◽  
I. A. Puntus ◽  
A. S. Smailova
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

The results of alternative studies on the immunogenic activity of live rabies vaccines for oral immunization of wild carnivorous animals are presented. The method of evaluation of immunogenicity using a model of oral immunization in mice with experimental infection control rabies virus CVS in the dose of 10–100 MLD50/0,03 ml. Once entered immunizing dose for white mice, weighing 12–14 g were 56.200 MLD50, the titers of VNA ranged from 1:6 to 1:16 (3,0–4,0 log2) and above.

scholarly journals Efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in foxes and raccoon dogs

Vaccine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (33) ◽  
pp. 4750-4757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad M. Freuling ◽  
Elisa Eggerbauer ◽  
Stefan Finke ◽  
Christiane Kaiser ◽  
Christian Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Raccoon Dogs

scholarly journals The vaccinia-based Sementis Copenhagen Vector COVID-19 vaccine induces broad and durable cellular and humoral immune responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preethi Eldi ◽  
Tamara H Cooper ◽  
Natalie A Prow ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Gary K Heinemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Heterologous Boost

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic perpetuated by SARS-CoV-2 variants, has highlighted the continued need for broadly protective vaccines that elicit robust and durable protection. Here, the vaccinia virus-based, replication-defective Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV) was used to develop a first-generation COVID-19 vaccine encoding the spike glycoprotein (SCV-S). Vaccination of mice rapidly induced polyfunctional CD8 T cells with cytotoxic activity and robust Th1-biased, spike-specific neutralizing antibodies, which are significantly increased following a second vaccination, and contained neutralizing activity against the alpha and beta variants of concern. Longitudinal studies indicated neutralizing antibody activity was maintained up to 9 months post-vaccination in both young and aging mice, with durable immune memory evident even in the presence of pre-existing vector immunity. This immunogenicity profile suggests a potential to expand protection generated by current vaccines in a heterologous boost format, and presents a solid basis for second-generation SCV-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates incorporating additional SARS-CoV-2 immunogens.

scholarly journals Modelling the population-level protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranesh Padmanabhan ◽  
Rajat Desikan ◽  
Narendra M Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Dose Response Curves ◽  
Vaccine Availability

Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines work predominantly by eliciting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), how the protection they confer depends on the NAb response to vaccination is unclear. Here, we collated and analysed in vitro dose-response curves of >70 NAbs and constructed a landscape defining the spectrum of neutralization efficiencies of NAbs elicited. We mimicked responses of individuals by sampling NAb subsets of known sizes from the landscape and found that they recapitulated responses of convalescent patients. Combining individual responses with a mathematical model of within-host SARS-CoV-2 infection post-vaccination, we predicted how the population-level protection conferred would increase with the NAb response to vaccination. Our predictions captured the outcomes of vaccination trials. Our formalism may help optimize vaccination protocols, given limited vaccine availability.

scholarly journals A neutralizing monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for classical swine fever C-strain post–vaccination monitoring

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Wang ◽  
Shijiang Mi ◽  
Rachel Madera ◽  
Llilianne Ganges ◽  
Manuel V. Borca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody

Abstract Background: Virus neutralization test (VNT) is widely used for serological survey of classical swine fever (CSF) and efficacy evaluation of CSF vaccines. However, VNT is a time consuming procedure that requires cell culture and live virus manipulation. C-strain CSF vaccine is the most frequently used vaccine for CSF control and prevention. In this study, we presented a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) with the emphasis on the replacement of VNT for C-strain post–vaccination monitoring. Results: One monoclonal antibody (6B211) which has potent neutralizing activity against C-strain was generated. A novel cELISA was established and optimized based on the strategy that 6B211 can compete with C-strain induced neutralizing antibodies in pig serum to bind capture antigen C-strain E2. By testing C-strain VNT negative pig sera (n=445) and C-strain VNT positive pig sera (n=70), the 6B211 based cELSIA showed 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval: 94.87 to 100%) and 100% specificity (95% confidence interval: 100 to 100%). The C-strain antibody can be detected in pigs as early as 7 days post vaccination with the cELISA. By testing pig sera (n=139) in parallel, the cELISA showed excellent agreement (Kappa=0.957) with VNT. The inhibition rate of serum samples in the cELISA is highly correlated with their titers in VNT (r 2 =0.903, p<0.001). In addition, intra- and inter-assays of the cELISA exhibited acceptable repeatability with low coefficient of variations (CVs). Conclusions: This novel cELISA demonstrated excellent agreement and high level correlation with VNT. It is a reliable tool for sero-monitoring of C-strain vaccination campaign because it is a rapid, simple, safe and cost effective assay that can be used to monitor vaccination-induced immune response at the population level.

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