scholarly journals Fertility Differentials by Family Type

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehtab S. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Family System ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Decision Making Unit ◽  
The Family

The family is one of the basic social institutions of human society. The behaviour of individuals is to a great extent moulded by influences within the family not only during the socialization process at early ages, but also after they have reached maturity. The way in which the family system operates has important demographic consequences. Reproduction takes place within the family, and fertility is affected by the combination of events occurring within and shaped by the prevailing family system in a society. The family is an important decision-making unit, and in societies where the extended family system1 is prevalent, decisions by couples regarding fertility behaviour may be strongly influenced by the larger family network. Hill [11, p. 271-72] has identified some crucial decisions made over the reproductive career of a couple. He suggests that these decisions are largely influenced by the parents and other relatives concerning (a) when to marry, (b) how soon to have first child, (c) whether to use birth control and method to be used, (d) when to have second and later children, and (e) when to stop child bearing. Davis and Blake [4] point out certain intermediate variables which an individual learns during the sociali¬zation process, e.g., acceptability of universal marriage, permissibility of sexual abstinence, the long absence of either spouse and the frequency and timing of sexual intercourse, etc. All of these have direct bearing on fertility in the long run.

scholarly journals Changes in Decision Making Process and Authority in Families in Rural Punjab: A Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Neha Wasal
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family System ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Farm Families ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The Family ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization

This study was planned to find the changes occurring in rural family institution in Punjab and its major consequences. This study was done in Sangrur and Ludhiana district of Punjab to analyse the changes occurring in family institution and it was found that structure of family system have been significantly changed. The present study was conducted to assess the causes and consequences of changing family institution in two districts of Punjab by taking a sample of 320 respondents, with the following objectives: (i) To highlight the changes occurring in the family structure of rural areas, (ii) to pinpoint the factors responsible for the changes in rural families, (iii) to examine the social, economic, cultural and psychological impact of changing role of families.  Respect of elders by children has declined significantly, as 84% of the respondent feel that their importance had been decreased in the family. Place of giving birth to child has also been changed from home (26%) to Hospital (74%) at two point of time.  Agriculture has loosened its position of prime occupation preference among farm families in recent past. Only 8 per cent of the respondents prefer agriculture for their children. Socialization process of children have changed as 82% of the respondents said that children use more technology in 2015 while, 29% and 41% replied that children do not attend family conversation and do not perform household work respectively. The use of technology of various types has increased significantly in family life from 1990 to 2015. A notable finding of study showed a shift from individual (male) to collective decision with regard to various issues of families, particularly the education of children. Similarly there is a decline in performance of various traditional rituals. Increased show off culture (85%), impact of urbanization (64%), lack of job opportunities (79%), self centred attitudes of family members (76%), increase use of technology (85%) came out as main factors responsible for generating changes in the institution of family. Lack of patience among members, increasing problem of aged and children, increasing conflicts among families and changing types of families were major consequences. Adequate interaction in family to keep the emotional bonding, judicious use of technology, inculcating moral values among children and shunning the materialistic tendency were some of the suggestions given for smooth functioning of families in the rural areas.

This Seed Will Bear No Fruit

2019 ◽  
pp. 262-283
Author(s):  
Friday A. Eboiyehi
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Family System ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Western World ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Old People's Homes

The continuous increase in the number of older people and the gradual erosion of the extended family system which used to cater to them are alarming. While older people in much of the developed countries have embraced old people's homes as an alternative, the same cannot be said of older people in Nigeria who still believed that it is the duty of the family to accommodate them. The chapter examined the perception of older people about living in old people's home in some selected local government areas in Osun State, Nigeria. The study showed that their perception about living in old people's home was poor as many of them still held on to the belief that it was the responsibility of their family members to house them as it was done in the olden days. Although a few of the interviewees (particularly those who are exposed to what is obtained in the Western world and those with some level of education) had accepted the idea, many preferred to live with their family rather than being dumped in “an isolated environment,” where they would not have access to their family members. Pragmatic policy options aimed at addressing this emerging social problem were highlighted.

scholarly journals Dysfunctionality of the family environment as one of the reason for recidivism

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gucwa-Porębska
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Dysfunctional Family ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
The Family

The family as a basic social cell, the first human life environment, plays a fundamental role in securing needs, transferring social patterns and protecting its members. Taking into account the different family models that exist in the modern world, apart from traditional and reconstructed families, we also distinguish dysfunctional families, which does not immediately mean that they are pathological ones. Properly populating parental functions is one of the most important tasks of the family. It is a family that creates educational, caring and socializing environment for a child, where the characteristics of its personality and identity are evolving, as well as social norms are assimilated and associated with adequate sanctions. Family type and model can have a significant impact on the emergence of criminal behavior in adulthood. The author’s studies in the years 2007–2011 show that family relationships are the most significant factor in the biographies of prisoners. Besides, it has been shown that to start criminal activities and subsequent returns to such activities, they correlate with educational problems and numerous addictions in the family (from alcohol, drugs, psychoactive substances, gambling, etc.). The dysfunctions that arise as a result of the socialization process and the building of daily relationships can be linked to the entry into the criminal way of a young man, and thus foster a return to negative habits and recidivism in the future. The article aims to show the relationship between the being brought up in the dysfunctional family and the entrance to a criminal path, which may also be regarded as one of the causes of later recidivism of individuals.

scholarly journals A COURTYARD HOUSE – SIHEYUAN 四合院 AS THE DWELLING PLACE OF THE TRADITIONAL CHINESE FAMILY

2020 ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Wesołowski SVD
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Family System ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Short Contribution ◽  
The Family ◽  
South Axis ◽  
Courtyard House

A Chinese courtyard house, called in Chinese siheyuan, equipped with a single entrance and with one or more open courtyards encompassed by one-storey buildings, represents traditional house dwelling in China. Throughout Chinese history, courtyard dwelling was the basic architectural pattern used for building governmental (palaces and offices) and family residences, and religious compounds (temples and monasteries). In this short contribution, the author depicts a standard traditional Beijing court house from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) which would normally host an extended family of three and four generations. The physical construction and spatial structure of the traditional Chinese courtyard house were deeply rooted in ancient Chinese philosophical thought. The Chinese used fengshui (wind and water) principles to harmonize themselves with their environment in order to secure prosperity, longevity, and family blessings. From the viewpoint of fengshui, a basic courtyard house compound was not only a dwelling place, but also a structured and complicated vision of the cosmos that should function as an ideal container of qi (life energy). The fundamental north-south axis which rhythmically and continuously guarantee the vital flow of qi and the square shape of a courtyard house which means near to the earth, should promise health, prosperity, and the growth of the family. The fengshui system (nowadays mostly associated with Daoism) in the context of a Chinese courtyard house was intimately combined with China’s strict social and family system (Confucianism). The structure of the Chinese traditional family – and the author calls it “Confucian familism” – i.e., the Confucian conviction of family as a model for the whole state. This rigid and hierarchically structured family system, which had been the basis of Chinese society in imperial China for over two thousand years, has been reflected in courtyard house compounds. At the end of this contribution, the author mentions the efforts of present-day architects to find a way to revive traditional courtyard housing for modern times.

scholarly journals The Centrality of Women in Moral Teaching in Yoruba Family System

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yetunde A. Aluko ◽  
Oluwasegun D. Onobanjo ◽  
Nurudeen Alliyu
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Family System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Better Than

Social order and peaceful co-existence are some of the primary goals in every human society. Central to maintenance of law and order in traditional Yoruba societies is the family. Culturally among the Yoruba people, women are socialized differently from men. This paper, rather than focus on the oppression of women in Yoruba cultural setting, examines the series of significant contributions of women to the maintenance of social order and ethical well-being of families. The feminine gender is not always synonymous with oppression and domination rather family well-being is mediated by the principle of complementarily between males and females. As a result, women have privileged relationship with their children better than men. Women are the pedagogues to lead their children, and this requires them to live a life worthy of emulation. The paper avers that the argument is not that men are totally left out of the moral upbringing of their children; most times they provide supportive roles. But the fact that women spend more time with the children calls for examination of their roles in the moral standing of children in Yoruba family system. Given the central role of women in the home and society, social order can be attained where women are committed to the moral upbringing of their children, rather than being marginalized in any aspect of the society.

scholarly journals Senior Citizens and Their Roles in Family and Household

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
S. M. Ayoob
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Role Taking ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family And Household

The family is considered as the most important and outstanding primary group in the society. The extended family type is diminishing in the modern era due to multiple and unavoidable reasons. However in some countries, people give their support to preserve extended family system at least keeping their senior citizens in the same household. Senior citizens also play active roles by supporting the family members in numerous ways. This study was conducted to identify the living arrangements, roles played by the senior citizens in family and household and the reasons behind the active role taking behavior among senior citizens. Out of 20 Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Ampara district, 08 Divisional Secretariat Divisions where Muslims predominantly live have been selected as the study area using simple random sampling method. The sample size is 392. The primary data was collected from key informant interviews, case studies and focus group discussions. The study highlighted that 95% of the senior citizens in the study area are living with their family members. Maintaining household activities, guiding the family members, providing counselling, providing security, socialization, mediating, providing monetary support and mobile role are the major roles played by senior citizens. The reasons for this active role taking behaviour are physical fitness and healthy lifestyle of senior citizens, disaster situation, economic condition, loneliness and isolation, lack of organizational structure and social recognition in study area. Beyond their old age, the contribution of senior citizens to the family is immeasurable.

scholarly journals The family as a capital asset

Sociologija ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andjelka Milic
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Extended Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Relationship

A representative sample survey of families/households in Serbia at the beginning of the third millennium (2003), carried out by the Institute for Sociological Research, has shown the percentage of extended families to be unexpectedly high (30%). Earlier surveys, however, led to the belief that they were almost disappearing as a model and part of the reality of family life. Further analysis of data has convinced us that a revival of a family type, which emerged as a result of the transformation of the traditional zadruga or joint family, is underway. Throughout the socialist period characterized by the discouragement of agricultural development and industrialization, this family type survived and took the form of a hybrid or mixed household consisting of farmers-workers, which has been on a steady decline since the mid 1960s. In contemporary circumstances, marked by a decade-long social crisis and economic decline, an expansion of the extended family model takes place. It is distinguished by completely new morphological, structural, socioeconomic and functional features, which indicate the existence of strategies applied by individual families with the aim of adapting to the blocked, postponed and belated socioeconomic transformation, namely, avoiding the risks it brings. On the basis of the produced empirical evidence, the existence of two types of extension have been determined: horizontally (lateral descent) and vertically extended family type (blood relationship, patrilinearity). It has also been determined that these two types differ in the ways of their emergence and maintenance, as well as in essential inner relations. Vertically extended families are characterized by the elements of the traditional patriarchal order, while horizontal extension is a result of modernizing trends that have never fully developed (especially as far as the relationship between spouses is concerned).

scholarly journals Structural and functional characteristics of teenager’s family and his family identity specifics

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Strokova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Family System ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Family Identity ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
The Family ◽  
Functional Family

The research is directed on the investigation of teenager’s family identity. In the pre- vious articles we have described the phenomena of family identity and its research methods. The aim of this article is an account of the empirical results of the research of family identity of teenagers with different structural and functional family charac- teristics. According to one of the research hypothesis, there is a correlation between the structural and functional family characteristics and teenager’s family identity, i.e. his experience of belonging to the family system. Moreover comparing to such factors of family identity as a family type (two-parent, one-parent, binuclear, foster), teenager’s sex and age, the factor of teenager’s growing up in the family with definite structural and functional characteristics is the most important one. There are the results of the research of 290 different-age teenagers with a help of Scale FACES-3 and the author’s inquirer of Family Identity and its analysis in this article.

Caste Systems and Technology in Premodern Societies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Family Unit ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Family ◽  
Labor Specialization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Early Phases ◽  
Endogamous Group

This chapter sheds new light on the effects of social institutions on long-run development. In particular, it explores the impact of caste systems during the early phases of economic and demographic development through how the systems influenced the possibilities for labor specialization. Based on data for precolonial social organization across different ethnicities, the chapter provides novel evidence that supports the hypothesis that caste systems were indeed conducive to specialization and technological sophistication. The hypothesis builds on the idea that caste systems, by promoting strong ties of solidarity and cooperation within groups, might have facilitated and accelerated the process of labor specialization and technological advancement. Moreover, the endogamous group might have represented the natural basin from which to recruit labor for extending production beyond the family unit.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Father’s Demise among Female Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-142
Author(s):  
Rabia Farooqi ◽  
Ayesha Khan
Keyword(s):  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Family System ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Family ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

The present study is intended to explore the impact brought about by parental demise among female adolescents. Moreover, examining the societal role, particularly the part played by the family system, after the death of a father and its effect on an adolescent’s life perception. Data was collected through in-depth interviews from 4 adolescents aged between 17-19 years, accumulated by a purposive sampling method and analyzed through interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings demonstrated that adolescents who encountered the loss of their fathers face numerous problems impacting their emotional, cognitive, and behavioural well-being. The absence of parents brings a drastic change in an entire life affecting their mental health leading to low self-esteem, depression, anxiety as well as emotional sufferings. The major issues highlighted during the study were life disruption, financial crisis, lack of support in terms of both financial and emotional aspects from extended family. Moreover, the family system played a detrimental role in the adversities encountered. Furthermore, participants stressed that children having both parents attained support, attention, emotional bonding, and encountered fewer social, psychological, and emotional issues. They constantly grieved the parental loss and faced a lack of care, that significantly affected their well-being. These findings help in understanding the problems associated with lack of parental bonding in connection with father’s loss, whereas its long-lasting impact spread throughout one's life.

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