Global Modelling of Food and Agriculture

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-180
Author(s):  
CENTRE FOR WORLD FOOD STUDIES Amsterdam; The Hague; Wageningen
Keyword(s):  
Food Studies ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
World Food ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Global Equilibrium ◽  
Global Modelling ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The Centre for World Food Studies is developing price endogenous models focusing on agriculture and incorporating detailed agronomic information. Moreover, the structure of these models is such that they can be linked in order to represent international trade, resulting in a global equilibrium. The developing country models emphasize and analyze the problem of small and landless farmers, the role of possible ecological constraints, and the changes in the distribution of income between agriculture and non-agriculture as well as within agriculture. Model alternatives can be analyzed through changes in various parameters, e.g. direct and indirect tax rates, tariffs, buffer stocks, import and export quotas. A brief outline of the Thailand model is presented.

scholarly journals Modelling food policies and food production.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-294
Author(s):  
W. Tims ◽  
D.C. Faber
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Policy Models ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Food Policies ◽  
National Models ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The Centre for World Food Studies in Amsterdam is developing economic policy models focussing on food and agriculture, and incorporating detailed agronomic information. The structure of these national models is such that they can be linked in order to analyse international trade. The developing country models emphasize and analyse the problem of hunger and poverty through the role of agronomic and livestock constraints, the changes in the distribution of income between agriculture and non-agriculture as well as within agriculture. Model alternatives can be analysed through changes in various parameters, such as direct and indirect tax rates, tariffs, buffer stocks, import and export quotas. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals The distribution of wealth in Spain and the USA: the role of socioeconomic factors

SERIEs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Salas-Rojo ◽  
Juan Gabriel Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Counterfactual Decomposition ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractThe literature has typically found that the distribution of socioeconomic factors like education, labor status and income does not account for the remarkable wealth inequality disparities between countries. As a result, their different institutions and other latent factors receive all the credit. Here, we propose to focus on one type of wealth inequality, the inequality of opportunities (IOp) in wealth: the share of overall wealth inequality explained by circumstances like inheritances and parental education. By means of a counterfactual decomposition method, we find that imposing the distribution of socioeconomic factors of the USA into Spain has little effect on total, financial and real estate wealth inequality. On the contrary, these factors play an important role when wealth IOp is considered. A Shapley value decomposition shows that the distribution of education and labor status in the USA consistently increase wealth IOp when imposed into Spain, whereas the opposite effect is found for the distribution of income.

scholarly journals Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Filip Novokmet
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World Food ◽  
World Food Program ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Minimum Delay ◽  
First Session

The 38th session of the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held at UN Headquarters, New York, on April 16 and 17, 1962, under the chairmanship of Mr. Louis Maire. The Council discussed the report of the first session of the Intergovernmental Committee on the World Food Program (IGC) and recommended that the program be initiated with minimum delay and that the pledging conference be convened at the earliest possible date.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF TAX POLICY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, AND ALLOCATION OF TAXES

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Gwartney ◽  
Robert A. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Marginal Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Using a sample of seventy-seven countries, this paper focuses on marginal tax rates and the income thresholds at which they apply to examine how the tax changes of the 1980s and 1990s have influenced economic growth, the distribution of income, and the share of taxes paid by various income groups. Many countries substantially reduced their highest marginal rates during the 1985-1995 period. The findings indicate that countries that reduced their highest marginal rates grew more rapidly than those that maintained high marginal rates. At the same time, the income distribution in several of the tax cutting countries became more unequal while there was little change or even a reduction in income inequality in most countries that maintained high marginal rates. Finally, the evidence suggests that there was a shift in the payment of the personal income tax away from those with low and middle incomes and toward those with the highest incomes.

scholarly journals ADMINISTRATION AND AUDIT OF THE EXCISE TAX ON BEER

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Fedir TKACHYK ◽  
Inna HUTSUL ◽  
Anastasiia ZINKEVYCH
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
Effective Instrument

Introduction. The role of excise tax in social and economic processes is determined by its ability to regulate the interest of producers before entering such industries as brewing. The excise tax is an effective instrument for realizing in the interests of society the strategic purposes and objectives of the state policy - socio-economic and fiscal. It is a basic of the sustainable development of the country. Thus, it is expedient to study the main trends of administration and audit of the excise tax on beer in Ukraine. The purposeof the article is to study the tasks and procedures for administering and auditing the excise tax for producers of malt beer. Results. Characterization of excisable goods and rates of excise duty on malting beer is carried out. The task of audit of excise tax is determined. The article presents the correspondence of accounts for the excise tax on alcoholic beverages. The number of declarants of the excise tax on malt beer in Ukraine has been monitored. The factors that influence the administration of the excise tax from the malt to the budget are determined. The article analyzes the main indicators of the excise tax declaration of the brewing enterprise. A viewpoint on optimization of excise tax rates for alcoholic beverages, in particular for malting beer, is formulated. Focused attention is paid to the role of the excise tax on alcoholic beverages (beer) for the financial resources of the states. The expediency of the strengthened tax regulation of the alcoholic drinks market in Ukraine was noted. Conclusions. The main problems of administration and audit of the excise tax are related to the growth of fiscal opportunities and the reduction of regulatory influence. Therefore, there is a need for a significant improvement of the procedure for charging and paying excise by enhancing its regulatory properties and expanding the tax base.

Specialization vs. Diversification Decision Making

2014 ◽  
pp. 16-44
Author(s):  
Dimitris Folinas ◽  
Mohammed Althrawa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Industry Type ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
Export Policies ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Returns On Investment

This chapter has two main aims: first, to explore the role of various economical, financial, and strategic forces influencing firms towards diversification and specialization decision making within the Saudi Arabian manufacturing industry, and second to assess the challenges for both types of companies at the time of decision making and afterwards. Surveying 100 decision makers in the industrial cities of Riyadh using questionnaires developed for both groups, the chapter initially attempts to identify the factors that had the greatest impact on firm performance based on firm returns on investment. Several factors were found significant; first, attempts of specialization were found associated with risk avoidance and managers craving to achieve industry dominant economic features, whilst results show an increased concern among diversified firm decision makers towards changes in import and export policies and regulations. Moreover, industry type was found effective in managerial responses as they weigh the role of the factors presented to the direction of the expansion made.

scholarly journals The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1930) ◽  
pp. 20200712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Parvizi ◽  
Ceridwen I. Fraser ◽  
Ludovic Dutoit ◽  
Dave Craw ◽  
Jonathan M. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Habitat Choice ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genetic Patterns

Theory suggests that catastrophic earth-history events can drive rapid biological evolution, but empirical evidence for such processes is scarce. Destructive geological events such as earthquakes can represent large-scale natural experiments for inferring such evolutionary processes. We capitalized on a major prehistoric (800 yr BP) geological uplift event affecting a southern New Zealand coastline to test for the lasting genomic impacts of disturbance. Genome-wide analyses of three co-distributed keystone kelp taxa revealed that post-earthquake recolonization drove the evolution of novel, large-scale intertidal spatial genetic ‘sectors’ which are tightly linked to geological fault boundaries. Demographic simulations confirmed that, following widespread extirpation, parallel expansions into newly vacant habitats rapidly restructured genome-wide diversity. Interspecific differences in recolonization mode and tempo reflect differing ecological constraints relating to habitat choice and dispersal capacity among taxa. This study highlights the rapid and enduring evolutionary effects of catastrophic ecosystem disturbance and reveals the key role of range expansion in reshaping spatial genetic patterns.

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