The Pricing Of Petroleum Products In Pakistan

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Mia A M. De Kuijper
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
The Government

In Pakistan the prices of petroleum products are set by the government, to raise revenues, stabilize prices, and achieve redistribution and social objectives. But in addition to these benefits, government31 taxes and subsidies for petroleum pro• ducts result in losses in economic efficiency through the misallocation of resources. How do the benefits compare with these losses? Are revenues raised in a manner that minimizes economic waste? Do the subsidies achieve equity or other social benefits at minimum cost?

scholarly journals Minimising negative externalities cost using 0-1 mixed integer linear programming model in e-commerce environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akyene Tetteh ◽  
Sarah Dsane-Nsor
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Background: Although the Internet boosts business profitability, without certain activities like efficient transportation, scheduling, products ordered via the Internet may reach their destination very late. The environmental problems (vehicle part disposal, carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen oxide [NOx] and hydrocarbons [HC]) associated with transportation are mostly not accounted for by industries.Objectives: The main objective of this article is to minimising negative externalities cost in e-commerce environments.Method: The 0-1 mixed integer linear programming (0-1 MILP) model was used to model the problem statement. The result was further analysed using the externality percentage impact factor (EPIF).Results: The simulation results suggest that (1) The mode of ordering refined petroleum products does not impact on the cost of distribution, (2) an increase in private cost is directly proportional to the externality cost, (3) externality cost is largely controlled by the government and number of vehicles used in the distribution and this is in no way influenced by the mode of request (i.e. Internet or otherwise) and (4) externality cost may be reduce by using more ecofriendly fuel system.

scholarly journals Asas Keadilan Pemungutan Pajak dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No 23 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pajak Penghasilan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Made Dwi Surya Suasa ◽  
I Made Arjaya ◽  
I Putu Gede Seputra
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Vertical Equity ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
The Government

In mid-2018, the government issued new regulations in the field of taxation which is expected to be an increadible impact for tax revenues. The rules are set out in the Government Regulation Number 23 Year 2018 regarding Income Tax on Income Effort Received or Provided Taxpayers Who Have Specific Gross Distribution (Government Regulation Number 23 Year 2018). Various responses from the community came after the release of the Government Regulation. One is the aspect of fairness in the taxation of income that seems to be ruled out with the advent of the Government Regulation. The principle of fairness in income tax collection adheres to vertical equity, the higher the income (net) earned or received by the higher taxes that are owed. Vertical Justice not accommodated in the regulation is to make the basis for the calculation of gross turnover tax payable. As a result, taxpayers who have the same gross turnover is considered to have the same economic additional capabilities. Estuary of the principle of vertical equity is a theory that emphasizes the style bear minimum cost of living.

An Analysis of Quality Liability Insurance for Prefabricated Components Using Evolutionary Game Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Chenyao Lv ◽  
Hong Xian Li ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Zhen Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Payoff Matrix ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Simulation Calculation ◽  
The Government

Managing quality risks of prefabricated components is one of the challenges for prefabricated construction. The Quality Liability Insurance for Prefabricated Components (QLIPC) is an effective approach to transfer such risks; however, limited research has been conducted regarding the development of QLIPC. This study introduces an Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT)-based approach incorporating decisions from both the government and insurance companies. In the EGT model, a payoff matrix under disparate strategies is constructed, and the evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) are deduced. The simulation calculation is then carried out by MATLAB using sample virtual data to demonstrate the analysis. The results show that the government should act as the game promoter because the QLIPC can reduce governance cost and has significant social benefits. This research contributes a theoretical framework to analyze the QLIPC development using the EGT theory, and it could help the government to make long-term strategies for developing the QLIPC market.

Safe Deposit: A UK Publishing View

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Davies
Keyword(s):  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
National Archive ◽  
British Library ◽  
Fair Dealing ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
National Libraries ◽  
Consultation Paper

The evolutionary struggle between the printed page, CD-ROM, online services and the Internet as media for publishing has huge implications for the national archive. Authors, publishers and the libraries that have current responsibility for the UK national legal deposit collection all have a consuming interest in the outcome of the government's Consultation Paper on legal deposit. Publishers want the least onerous extension of the law to new and particularly to electronic formats, which some see as an opportunity to reduce the statutory six copies for deposit. The copyright libraries see their status possibly being affected, whilst universities see a new and important role for themselves in electronic archiving. The government has stipulated a solution at minimum cost to the industries involved, and if the publishing industry successfully lobbies for a reduction in the number of deposit copies, the national libraries will probably have the strongest case for retaining their privileges. Similar tensions arise over access to information content and its use in electronic form, especially transmission and reproduction, tensions that are already present in the British Library's service provision and its alleged impact on publishers' sales. The concept of ‘fair dealing’ will clearly have to be redefined. These and other important issues are now being aired, perhaps with more goodwill and trust than 20 years ago, between the British Library, some leading publishers, and the Publishers Association. Extension of the national archive to electronic and multimedia works will be a huge project requiring significant new funding. Indications for the future are greater selectivity, a reduction in the number of copies required, and a more streamlined administrative process. A comprehensive archive is unlikely to be achieved other than by statutory means.

scholarly journals Optimal Design of Bioenergy Supply Chains Considering Social Benefits: A Case Study in Northeast China

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Gao ◽  
Daogang Qu ◽  
Yang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

Bioenergy supply chains can offer social benefits. In most related research, the total number of created jobs is used as the indicator of social benefits. Only a few of them quantify social benefits considering the different impact of economic activities in different locations. In this paper, a new method of measuring the social benefits of bioethanol supply chains is proposed that considers job creation, biomass purchase, and the different impacts of economic activities in different locations. A multi-objective mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to address the optimal design of a bioethanol supply chain that maximizes both economic and social benefits. The ε-constraint method is employed to solve the model and a set of Pareto-optimal solutions is obtained that shows the relationship between the two objectives. The developed model is applied to case studies in Liaoning Province in Northeast China. Actual data are collected as practical as possible for the feasibility and effectiveness of the results. The results show that the bioethanol supply chain can bring about both economic and social benefits in the given area and offers governments a better and more efficient way to create social benefits. The effect of the government subsidy on enterprises’ decisions about economic and social benefits is discussed.

scholarly journals Research on an Enterprise Remanufacturing Strategy Based on Government Intervention

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6549
Author(s):  
Jian Cao ◽  
Jiayun Zeng ◽  
Yuting Yan ◽  
Xihui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Green Supply Chain Management ◽  
Green Supply Chain ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
The Government

Due to rapid economic development and population growth, environmental pollution problems such as urban pollution and depletion of natural resources have become increasingly prominent. Municipal solid waste is part of these problems. However, waste is actually an improperly placed resource. As a part of green supply chain management, remanufacturing can turn waste products into remanufactured products for resale. Based on the development status of China’s remanufacturing industry, this paper establishes three Stackelberg game models, namely the free recycling model (model N), the government regulation model based on the reward–penalty mechanism (model G), and the government dual-intervention model (model GF). In this study, the standard solution method for the Stackelberg game method, namely the backward induction method, is applied to solve the dynamic game equilibrium. For comparison, a further numerical analysis is also carried. The research results show that: (1) in the closed-loop supply chain based on remanufacturing, the strengthening of cooperation between manufacturers and remanufacturers is beneficial in terms of maximizing supply chain profits; (2) in order to maximize social benefits, the government needs to intervene in green supply chain management; (3) government regulation is particularly important when the remanufacturing industry is in the initial stage of development; (4) government intervention needs to be based on the development level of the remanufacturing industry; (5) in order to maximize social benefits, it is recommended that the government consider the ratio between the green consumption subsidies and the taxes on new products.

scholarly journals Economic Efficiency of Extensive and Intensive Shrimp Production under Conditions of Disease and Natural Disaster Risks in Khánh Hòa and Trà Vinh Provinces, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Anh Thi Nguyen ◽  
Tram Anh Thi Nguyen ◽  
Curtis Jolly ◽  
Brice Merlin Nguelifack
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Stochastic Production Frontier ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Shrimp Production ◽  
Change Events ◽  
Alternative Power ◽  
The Government ◽  
Average Size

Uncertainty about efficiency and sustainability of shrimp production due to diseases and climatic events may prevent Vietnam from attaining US $10 million target from shrimp exports by 2025. We surveyed 120 and 159 shrimp farmers from Khánh Hòa and Trà Vinh provinces, respectively, to obtain information on their input use, production levels and the effects of diseases and climate change events on their farm profitability. Stochastic production frontier analysis (SFA) discovered that the number of workers, crops and seed costs positively influenced farmers’ profits, while cost of chemicals and labour negatively affected the profit of Khánh Hòa farmers. The number of workers and chemical costs positively affected profits in Trà Vinh, while cost of labour and energy, the number of crops and average stocking density negatively influenced farmer profit in Trà Vinh. Number of years of schooling, experience and average size of ponds positively influenced economic efficiency, while the number of ponds and climatic change events negatively influenced efficiency in Khánh Hòa province. Age and alternative power source positively affected economic efficiency, while disease prevalence affected efficiency of Trà Vinh. All farms practicing intensive or extensive shrimp production achieved 90% efficiency. The government should encourage the wise use of resources, high-quality seeds and a sensitive balance between intensive and extensive culture to sustainably attain its national production and export goals.

Crop Insurance in India – Past, Present&Future

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Crop Insurance ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
The Government

In a country like India where nearly 2/3rd of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood and agriculture is prone to the vagaries of nature, crop insurance has to play the role of a vital institution. Crop insurance itself cannot increase productivity or be a source of financing, but it can play a role in enhancing both. The Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS) introduced during the VIIth Five-year plan period, despite its shortcomings, farmers received nearly 6 times the premium as claims, but the coverage could not go beyond 5% of the total farming community. The National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS), which replaced CCIS w.e.f. 1999–00, is an improved version. All successful crop insurance programs worldwide are actively supported and financed by governments and the case is no different for India, as the social benefits outweigh the social costs. The government has two immediate tasks. One, to streamline the financing of crop insurance through single point subsidy and allow the program to run professionally. And second, to improve the scheme substantially through such measures as covering post harvest losses, package policies, reduction of size of insurance unit, streamlining agricultural relief, setting up an exclusive organisation for implementation.

Analysis of Sustainable Cassava Biofuel Production in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.O. Ogundari ◽  
A.S. Momodu ◽  
A.J. Famurewa ◽  
J.B. Akarakiri ◽  
W.O. Siyanbola
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Engineering Economy ◽  
The Government

Nigeria's biofuels policy advocates the adoption of cassava as feedstock for a 10%-biofuel substitution option in Nigerian transport fuel demand. This policy option is expected to address energy security and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels as the sole source of transport energy in the country. This paper appraised the technological and economic factors necessary for achieving Nigeria's cassava-based biofuel initiative at different substitution levels of 5, 10, and 15% by the Year 2020. A multi-stage energy forecasting and project analysis framework adapted from Coate's structure for technology assessment, as well as engineering economy methodology was used for the study. Technological analysis entailed determining petrol consumption projection, R&D capability, input feedstock requirements, environmental considerations and land requirement for feedstock crop production while engineering economy analysis evaluated the economic viability of the project. The results showed that petrol consumption in Nigeria and bioethanol substitution requirements were in the range of 18,285.7 – 19,142.84 thousand tons and 914.28 (5% low demand) – 2871.43 (15% high demand) thousand tons, respectively by 2020. Cassava feedstock and landmass requirements for bioethanol production were in the range of 4.64 – 14.53 million tons and 4.08 – 12.80 thousand sq. km, respectively while carbon dioxide savings were between 1.87 – 5.89 million tons by 2020. The recovery price for cassava bioethanol was estimated to be US$ 0.74/litre [Formula: see text]. Petrol being subsidised presently is harmful to the environment though it ‘oils’ the economy. Nigeria currently subsidizes petroleum products to the tune of 28% of 2011 budget. The government plans to remove this by 2012. Thus we conclude that weighing both economic and environmental benefits of bioethanol substitution in petrol consumption in Nigeria, the study showed that bioethanol production from cassava feedstock would be both technically and economically viable, provided subsidy, which depends on political will on the side of the government, is introduced for the first ten years of its implementation.

scholarly journals New Zealand's Progress on Work-Life Balance: A Work in Progress

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Nelson ◽  
Trudie McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
The Government ◽  
Skills Shortages

The Government established the Work-Life Balance Project in August 2003 recognising that work life balance has economic and social benefits. Given that some people face significant challenges attaining the appropriate balance for them and their workplaces, the Government sought information from individual and business perspectives on work-life balance in a context of labour and skills shortages, a desire to improve productivity and labour force participation. This paper explores some of the key themes emerging from the consultation process and other research.

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