scholarly journals The Role of Digital Technology and Regulations in the Diffusion of Mobile Phones in Asia

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (4II) ◽  
pp. 741-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid A Burki ◽  
Shirin Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Voice Mail ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Technological Developments

More and more people are using mobile (cellular) phones and the world is increasingly becoming unwired due to diffusion of this technology. The cellular technology is present in most Asian countries since 1980s. However, its diffusion process in these countries has largely been affected by technological developments, i.e., transition from analogue to digital, and regulations. The nature of regulations relate to spectrum licensing and the number of competitors allowed by respective governments. These regulatory decisions may explain the current structure of mobile phone industry in most of these countries. The popularity of cellular communication lies in its appealing advantage as compared with the fixed networks. The most important feature of a cellular phone is its portability in that the call is made to a person and not to a place. In developed countries, the features available on mobile handsets (such as caller line identification, voice mail, call forwarding, call waiting and the facility of receiving and transmitting short text messages) are available free of charge. However, these cell phone facilities are very costly in developing countries as compared with their fixed networks. The regulatory licensing structure prevailing in these countries partly explains this price differential. In effect there has been wide diversity in the speed of introduction of mobile phones and their diffusion across developing countries, which has not been explored. Gruber and Verboven (1998) has recently examined diffusion of cell phones in the European Union. However, this is a neglected area of research in developing countries.

scholarly journals Mobile Visual Communication

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Villi
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Camera Phone ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Camera Phones ◽  
Potential Part ◽  
Personal Photography

Abstract In this article I will elucidate the concept of photo messaging, and examine camera phones in the context of communication and photography. Camera functions are nowadays a popular add-on to the mobile (cellular) phone. Users can send photographs directly from the phone as photo messages. Findings suggest that the ubiquitous camera phone, and photo messaging, may substantially change the ways in which people use personal photography. The imaging capacity of mobile phones is becoming a potential part of perpetual visual contact. Thus taking and sending photographs on a camera phone represents a new resource for visual communication.

scholarly journals Modern Services Exports from Emerging Countries—Perspectives and Opportunities

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (4II) ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
Shahbaz Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
Modern Services

Traditionally, developed countries are the major exporters of services; however, technological developments in IT and communications over the last two decades have made it possible for developing countries to exploit their comparative advantage in some modern services. The driving force for this comparative advantage is the large pool of semi-skilled and skilled graduates in emerging countries who can deliver their services across borders, using advanced communication technologies. Why do emerging countries have increasing modern services exports? How are these exports explained by theory? What are the factors behind this export growth and the reasons to expect future growth? These are some of the important questions that researchers and policy-makers would like to find answers to and an attempt has been made to answer these questions in this paper. Identification of the sources of services export growth from emerging and developing countries can be attempted through established theories of goods trade and production. This paper reviews selected theory and empirical work in order to explain the underlying causes for growing exports of services. Causes for the export of modern services may include a comparative advantage of the exporting country, cost reduction for the importing firm through outsourcing, reduction in trading costs due to technological improvements and an increase in gains from services trade.

scholarly journals Measuring Entrepreneurial Orientation of University Employees in Developing Countries Using the ENTRE-U Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Tatarski ◽  
Sandra Brkanlić ◽  
Javier Sanchez Garcia ◽  
Edgar Breso Esteve ◽  
Ivana Brkić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
University Employees ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic

This research examines the difference in the level of entrepreneurial orientation among university employees within the European Union compared to university employees in non-EU countries. The EU Member States included in the research are the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia, and the non-EU countries include the Republic of Serbia, the Republic of Montenegro, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Republic of Northern Macedonia. In the sample of 1474 respondents, the ENTRE-U scale was used to measure the entrepreneurial orientation of universities, and multivariate analysis of MANOVA variance was used for data processing. The ENTRE-U scale has proven applicable not only to developed countries but also developing countries. Moreover, it proved that being a member of the European Union in this part of Eastern Europe does not significantly affect the entrepreneurial orientation of universities.

scholarly journals Romanian Forest Sector Labor Force - Evolutions and Trends

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurenţiu Ciornei ◽  
◽  
Paula Munteanu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Skilled Workforce

As a trend of evolution, the labor force in the Romanian forestry sector is part of trajectory registered by the European Union, as a whole, because many of the member countries are still oriented on the traditional methods of administration, harvesting and processing. However, there are also developed countries with large forested areas (Finland, Sweden) that have embraced new technologies and adjusted management and production processes. This issue aimed, among other things, at reducing the number of people employed in the forestry sector. In Romania, increasing the number of the employees, based on the quantitative increase of jobs as result of the gross exploitation of resources, will slow down by adopting new technologies, reducing the consumption of natural resources, but also as an effect of economic shocks generated by the pandemic. For these reasons, according to our study, the low-skilled workforce will suffer, this being the most vulnerable category, as technological developments need employees with higher skills and abilities. Equally, the informal sector must be taken into account because it employs four times people more. Romania have to adopt those appropriate measures in order to help the incorporation of the labor force released from the forestry sector of resource exploitation into adjacent sustainable activities.

Mobile Phones, Developing Countries and Learning

2011 ◽  
pp. 120-137
Author(s):  
Elba del Carmen Valderrama Bahamóndez ◽  
Albrecht Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Educational Applications

The Internet and computers are accessible to only half of the population in the world. For the other half, computers and the Internet are almost alien concepts. This half has no medium for gathering information, and they are computer illiterate. In addition, it is well-known, that the use of computers and the Internet, directly and indirectly, enhance the learning process. Therefore, students from under privileged areas of developing regions of the world are, clearly, at a disadvantage compared to their peers in developed countries. However, mobile phones could change this situation. In developing countries, mobile phones are far more accessible than computers or Internet access. This high accessibility together with the multiple functionalities of mobile phones, allow for the potential to build feasible educational applications that enhance the learning experiences of students in developing countries. Such opportunities enable the students’ experiences to be made proportionate to the other half of the world, with a real mechanism for gathering information.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONES AND INTERNET USE ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE EU POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Yilmaz Bayar ◽  
Marius Dan Gavriletea ◽  
Dragoş Păun
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Mobile Cellular

Poverty alleviation has become one of the biggest challenges for many countries and access to financial services is considered to be a key driver of development and economic growth. Finding solutions that can break down barriers that poor people are facing to access formal financial services has become a major concern for researchers, governments, financial institutions. Financial services must reinvent themselves and the adoption of new technology is a crucial key to overhaul their operations and to find innovative solutions to manage customer expectations. The escalation in access and penetration level of mobile phones and the Internet can improve financial inclusion by facilitating easy access to financial services, by providing secure transaction platforms, by reducing transaction costs, by providing a competitive business framework. There has been relatively limited research on the impact of Internet and mobile phones use on financial inclusion, therefore our main purpose was to investigate this linkage in a sample of 11 post-communist countries of the European Union from 1996–2017 using panel cointegration and causality analyses. Firstly, we investigated whether mobile cellular phone subscriptions and the rate of Internet usage affect financial institutions’ access; secondly, we analysed the impact of these variables on financial market access. Results indicate that mobile cellular phone subscriptions positively affect both financial institution access in countries like Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovenia and financial market access in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Hungary. Also, a negative relationship between mobile cellular phone subscriptions and financial institution access was noticed in the Czech Republic and regarding financial market access in the Czech Republic and Poland. Our findings also indicate both positive and negative relationships between Internet usage rates and financial institutions and financial markets access. By increasing Internet usage we can improve access to financial institutions in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland and we can increase financial markets access in Latvia and Slovenia.

scholarly journals Elements of automation of distance emergency alerts from persons with disabilities

Vestnik MGSU ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Andrey Anatol’evich Volkov ◽  
Sergey Vladimirovich Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Operations Control ◽  
Smart House ◽  
Voice Calls

At the present time the system of “Smart house” allows passing messages on any type of emergencies only out loud (phone call), though some individuals with disabilities will not be able to report an accident. Moreover, the pall showed, that 55 % of respondents would prefer sending text message on fire or other emergency to operations control duty desk. The respondents of this group feel it’s easier to make a photo or video of the accident. Though it is still impossible to analyze the data received in this form and make decisions automatically. In the conditions of yearly increase of the number of mobile phones getting text messages on emergencies is as important as processing of voice calls. Receiving and processing text messages would be current in case of terrorist attack. Any victim can noiseless send just one word and inform on the emergency. The article analyzes the process of receiving and processing messages when calling the emergency number 112. We propose a module of sending Messages-112 by persons with disabilities in the system of “smart house” in the form of short text messages (SMS).

scholarly journals Peran WTO dalam Menjembatani Benturan Kepentingan Antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia dalam Perdagangan Biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Anggi Mariatulkubtia
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dispute Settlement Mechanism ◽  
Bargaining Position

Indonesia's success at the World Trade Organization (WTO) in demanding the European Union (EU) to drop its biodiesel anti-dumping policy in 2018, as well as EU’s compliance with the decision, is a unique case when faced with the perception that international institutions tend to be inclined towards developed countries and disadvantaging developing countries. Utilizing Robert O. Keohane's liberal institutional functionalism theory, this paper describes how the WTO acted as a facilitator in resolving biodiesel disputes between the two parties. This paper argues that the WTO not only provides a dispute settlement mechanism and helps balance information biases, but also raises the cost of reputation and credibility that EU must pay if it chooses to defect the ruling. This research is not intended to show that the WTO, or international institutions and regimes in general, is an antidote for any disputes between developed and developing countries, or that it can always successfully mediate disputes between countries in general. Instead, this paper shows that international institutions can provide a platform for developing countries when facing developed countries, as long as the said actor acts rationally and makes careful calculations about its bargaining position and possible steps to be taken by its opponent.Keywords: WTO, European Union, Indonesia, anti dumping, liberal institutions, international regime, biodiesel. Kemenangan Indonesia di World Trade Organization (WTO) terhadap tuntutan penghapusan bea masuk anti dumping biodiesel Uni Eropa pada tahun 2018, serta kepatuhan Uni Eropa pada keputusan WTO tersebut, dapat dikatakan sebagai sebuah anomali ketika dihadapkan pada persepsi bahwa institusi internasional cenderung condong kepada negara maju dan merugikan negara berkembang. Tulisan ini menjabarkan bagaimana WTO berperan sebagai fasilitator dalam upaya penyelesaian sengketa biodiesel di antara kedua pihak, dengan menggunakan teori fungsionalisme institusi liberal Robert O. Keohane. WTO tidak hanya memberikan platform dan menyeimbangkan bias informasi lewat mekanisme penyelesaian sengketanya, namun juga menaikkan biaya reputasi dan kredibilitas yang harus dibayarkan Uni Eropa jika ia mengabaikan putusan institusi perdagangan internasional tersebut. Penelitian ini tidaklah ditujukan untuk menunjukkan bahwa WTO, atau institusi dan rezim internasional secara umum, dapat menjadi penawar bagi tiap-tiap pertikaian antara negara maju dan negara berkembang, atau menengahi pertikaian antar negara secara umum. Tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa institusi internasional dapat memberikan wadah bagi negara berkembang ketika dihadapkan dengan negara maju, selama aktor bertindak rasional dan membuat perhitungan yang matang mengenai posisi tawarnya serta langkah-langkah yang akan ditempuh oleh lawannya.Keyword: WTO, Uni Eropa, Indonesia, anti dumping, institusi liberal, rezim internasional, biodiesel.

scholarly journals Do Business Booms Trigger Corruption?

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
Kouramoudou Kéïta ◽  
Hannu Laurila
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Transitory Income

In the literature, the nexus between economic growth and corruption is well covered, but there are only few studies on cyclical variations of corruption. For example, Galbraith (1997) claims that embezzlement flourishes in business booms and withers in recessions, and Gokcekus and Suzuki (2011) support the claim by finding a positive correlation between transitory income and corruption. This paper retests the argument and produces conflicting results. It is found that corruption shrinks as transitory income increases meaning that economic booms foster integrity rather than corruption. Moreover, the negative correlation is strong in high-income countries and in those with sound rule of law which points to developed countries, whereas the effect remains relatively weak in countries with low income or poor rule of law which points to developing countries. The finding is relevant also from the perspective of the European Union.

scholarly journals Study on Worldwide Embodied Impacts of Construction: Analysis of WIOD Release 2016

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3172
Author(s):  
Yu Mishina ◽  
Yosuke Sasaki ◽  
Keizo Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Technological Developments

Net-zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) that contribute to making annual energy consumption balances zero are effective measures for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the construction sector. As the application of ZEBs progresses, GHG emissions during the construction of buildings and the manufacturing of materials and products (called construction EG) account for a relatively large proportion of overall emissions. This study aimed to clarify construction EG as a means by which to formulate policies for the reduction of emissions in each country. The construction EGs of 43 countries from 2011 were analyzed. The 56-sector input/output table and CO2 emission data of the 2016 World Input/Output Database, published by the EU, were both used in this analysis. It was found that the construction sector accounted for the highest proportion of total CO2 emissions. Moreover, the fraction of construction EG tended to be higher in developing countries such as China and India, while developed countries tended to contribute a lower fraction of construction EG. Construction EGs were shown to be heavily influenced by the sectors that manufacture “cement”, “steel bars and steel frames”, and “energy sources”. Thus, it is very important to advance technological developments to reduce CO2 emissions within these sectors. The annual variation of construction EGs and CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2014 showed that the construction EGs and total CO2 emissions in developing countries were increasing, whereas emissions from developed countries have been decreasing slightly.

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