scholarly journals Modern Services Exports from Emerging Countries—Perspectives and Opportunities

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (4II) ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
Shahbaz Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
Modern Services

Traditionally, developed countries are the major exporters of services; however, technological developments in IT and communications over the last two decades have made it possible for developing countries to exploit their comparative advantage in some modern services. The driving force for this comparative advantage is the large pool of semi-skilled and skilled graduates in emerging countries who can deliver their services across borders, using advanced communication technologies. Why do emerging countries have increasing modern services exports? How are these exports explained by theory? What are the factors behind this export growth and the reasons to expect future growth? These are some of the important questions that researchers and policy-makers would like to find answers to and an attempt has been made to answer these questions in this paper. Identification of the sources of services export growth from emerging and developing countries can be attempted through established theories of goods trade and production. This paper reviews selected theory and empirical work in order to explain the underlying causes for growing exports of services. Causes for the export of modern services may include a comparative advantage of the exporting country, cost reduction for the importing firm through outsourcing, reduction in trading costs due to technological improvements and an increase in gains from services trade.

How companies from developing and emerging countries can leverage their brand equity in terms of place branding

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Herstein ◽  
Ron Berger ◽  
Eugene D. Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Branding Strategy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Branding ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
Made In

Purpose – The purpose of this conceptual paper is to present a new approach that will enable marketers in developing and emerging countries to promote their products, irrespective of their country of origin’s image. Many companies in emerging and developing countries, intent on exporting their products/services, struggle to overcome the negative “made-in” image barrier. Despite tremendous efforts by the governments of these countries to change the unfavorable image of products made there, their good quality products are still perceived as inferior compared to companies whose products are “made-in” in countries with a positive image, mainly developed countries. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed conceptual model hinges on two dimensions – global political status and human capital capabilities. Using this framework, four different types of country destination positioning emerge, each with its own country branding strategy. Findings – Companies from emerging and developing countries can compete on an equal footing with Western companies by changing their country branding strategy. Companies from countries such as China and Costa Rica can promote themselves better by implementing region and continent branding strategies. Practical implications – The proposed conceptual model enables marketers to cope even with the most negative “made-in” country stereotypes and improve their marketplace positions. Originality/value – The literature review demonstrates that researchers have not dealt with these two dimensions. Consequently, the paper offers marketers a new perspective on the complex issue of country positioning and how to leverage their strengths to maximize their company’s profits.

scholarly journals ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF URBAN LIFE IN URBAN POVERTY AREAS THROUGH A STRATEGY OF INTEGRAL MULTI APPROACHES Public Spaces as Arena for Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elewa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Quality Of Urban Life ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries

Urban poverty areas (UPA) in the main cities of the emerging and developing countries are representing the product of a chaotic urban-isation process. This process started through the recent decades as a result of the economic reform in many Emerging countries, mainly in Asia, South America, and some cases in Africa such as Egypt and South Africa. Under the umbrella of the term UPA, there are many other terms such as slums, shantytowns and informal urbanism. In this study, the focus is on a special case of UPA which exist in the main cities of the emerging countries and some cases of developing countries. These UPA have some of the slums characteristics, which indicate the low quality of the urban life such as the pollution of the urban environment, the high density of built up area and the lack of social spaces. However, these areas mainly consist of permanent buildings which were built in most cases by the dwellers themselves due to their basic socio-economic needs, also in most of the cases the basic infrastructure are available. The study hypothesis is discussing the possibility of enhancing the quality of urban life in those UPA through a strategy of integral mul-ti approaches based on the potential opportunities of public spaces. In other words, the key to a successful strategy is “integration”, meaning that all approaches, policies, and projects are considered in relation to one another. This includes the using of new approaches such as green infrastructure (GI) through an integration framework with the other prevalent urban approaches such as participatory, towards innova-tively interactive urban communities. An analytical comparative study was done based on qualitative methods by studying various case studies of UPA in main cities of emerging and developing countries that were up-graded through a strategy of integral multi approaches. These rely on the public spaces as a medium for change, as well the using of quantitative and qualitative methods through actual case studies. The results represent lessons from practice. Based on actual cases, the cumulative urban experiences through various selected cases of upgrading UPA showed that the success depends on the using of an integral approach (multi-disciplinary) that relies on livable innovative public spaces. The new approaches such as GI cannot stand alone, but the strategies can be efficient by using integral an multi approach strategy. The cases also showed that public spaces in UPA are cen-ters of the daily socioeconomic activities, which is why these areas can act as arenas for change, towards better quality of urban life.

Socio-economic distance of Poland and selected developing countries to the most developed countries in the world

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 86-103
Author(s):  
Jacek Ziemiecki
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Economic Distance ◽  
The World

The aim of the study is to analyze the causes of the distance of emerging countries to the most developed countries in the world as well as proposals on ways to reduce this distance. A comparative analysis of the results obtained by the study was used for this purpose — the actual results obtained in developing countries were compared with the results obtained in the most developed countries. The analysis presents three dimensions of comparisons, which include: the distance between the countries, the most developed and developing countries, differences in the gap between developing countries and the gap distance within the different categories of indicators within a single country. The study used data for the years 1990—2013, and if it was possible for earlier years.

The Law and Political Economy of International Trade Agreements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Trebilcock
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Wide Range

While economists overwhelmingly favor free trade, even unilateral free trade, because of the gains realizable from specialization and the exploitation of comparative advantage, in fact international trading relations are structured by a complex body of multilateral and preferential trade agreements. The article outlines the case for multilateral trade agreements and the non-discrimination principle that they embody, in the form of both the Most Favored Nation principle and the National Treatment principle, where non-discrimination has been widely advocated as supporting both geopolitical goals (reducing economic factionalism) and economic goals (ensuring the full play of theories of comparative advantage undistorted by discriminatory trade treatment). Despite the virtues of multilateral trade agreements, preferential trade agreements (PTAs), authorized from the outset under GATT, have proliferated in recent years, even though they are inherently discriminatory between members and non-members, provoking vigorous debates as to whether (a) PTAs are trade-creating or trade-diverting; (b) whether they increase transaction costs in international trade; and (c) whether they undermine the future course of multilateral trade liberalization. A further and similarly contentious derogation from the principle of non-discrimination under the multilateral system is Special and Differential Treatment for developing countries, where since the mid-1950s developing countries have been given much greater latitude than developed countries to engage in trade protectionism on the import side in order to promote infant industries, and since the mid-1960s on the export side have benefited from non-reciprocal trade concessions by developed countries on products of actual or potential export interest to developing countries. Beyond debates over the strengths and weaknesses of multilateral trade agreements and the two major derogations therefrom, further debates surround the appropriate scope of trade agreements, and in particular the expansion of their scope in recent decades to address divergences or incompatibilities across a wide range of domestic regulatory and related policies that arguably create frictions in cross-border trade and investment and hence constitute an impediment to it. The article goes on to consider contemporary fair trade versus free trade debates, including concerns over trade deficits, currency manipulation, export subsidies, misappropriation of intellectual property rights, and lax labor or environmental standards. The article concludes with a consideration of the case for a larger scope for plurilateral trade agreements internationally, and for a larger scope for active labor market policies domestically to mitigate transition costs from trade.

scholarly journals Why do the urgency of stakeholders matter more in the firm performance?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-352
Author(s):  
Maqsood Hayat ◽  
Dr. Shehzad Khan ◽  
Kiran Alim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Csr Disclosure ◽  
Corporate Social

This study is an attempt to scrutinize the importance of different stakeholders with respect to financial performance (FP hereafter) in emerging countries context. Unlike developed countries, every element of the corporate social responsibility (CSR hereafter) is not supposed to generate similar corporate payback in the context of developing countries. Enterprises take considerable care to categorize these stakeholders in proper sequence for better corporate results. It was found empirically that CSR disclosure (CSRD hereafter) relevant to employees and communities have direct relationship with the firm‟s performance in term of earning per share (EPS).The results of this study will portray a comprehensive picture for corporate decision makers to realize the priorities and urgency of different beneficiaries for corporate benefits, existence and prosperity in the context of developing countries like Pakistan.

Forced Displacement and Asylum Policy in the Developing World

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Blair ◽  
Guy Grossman ◽  
Jeremy M. Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global South ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Asylum Policy

Abstract Little theoretical or empirical work examines migration policy in the developing world. We develop and test a theory that distinguishes the drivers of policy reform and factors influencing the direction of reform. We introduce an original data set of de jure asylum and refugee policies covering more than ninety developing countries that are presently excluded from existing indices of migration policy. Examining descriptive trends in the data, we find that unlike in the global North, forced displacement policies in the global South have become more liberal over time. Empirically, we test the determinants of asylum policymaking, bolstering our quantitative results with qualitative evidence from interviews in Uganda. A number of key findings emerge. Intense, proximate civil wars are the primary impetus for asylum policy change in the global South. Liberalizing changes are made by regimes led by political elites whose ethnic kin confront discrimination or violence in neighboring countries. There is no generalizable evidence that developing countries liberalize asylum policy in exchange for economic assistance from Western actors. Distinct frameworks are needed to understand migration policymaking in developing versus developed countries.

International Trade in Cotton Textiles and the Developing Countries: Problems -mid Prospects. Report by the UNCTAD Secretariat. New York: United Nations. 1974.

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
The Developed Countries

Foreign exchange is one of the major constraints to the growth of the -developing economies. However, demand for primary commodities—main exports of the developing economies—is inelastic. Moreover, the developed countries have put restrictions on imports, from developing countries, of manu¬factured products in which the latter have comparative advantage, e.g., cotton textiles. The Report under review studies the problems of exports from the developing countries in considerable details.

scholarly journals Special Drawing Rights: International Monetary Support for Developing Countries in Times of the COVID-19 Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Gallagher ◽  
José Antonio Ocampo ◽  
Ulrich Volz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Liquidity ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Special Drawing ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
Special Drawing Rights ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

AbstractA major issuance of special drawing rights (SDRs) through the International Monetary Fund would be a key tool to provide financial support to developing and emerging economies and limit the economic and financial fallout of the COVID-19 crisis. SDRs are an unconditional resource, and the case for such an allocation is very strong during an exogenous shock, such as the current one. An SDR allocation would enhance the international liquidity in the hands of emerging and developing countries, so that public responses to the health crisis are not imperilled by financial crises. Close to two-fifths of a new SDR allocation would directly go to developing and emerging economies. In addition, a new mechanism should be created through which countries that do not need their SDR allocation lend them to the IMF, to increase the Fund’s lending capacity. Developed countries can also allocate the SDRs they do not use for official development assistance.

scholarly journals The Role of Digital Technology and Regulations in the Diffusion of Mobile Phones in Asia

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (4II) ◽  
pp. 741-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid A Burki ◽  
Shirin Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Voice Mail ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Technological Developments

More and more people are using mobile (cellular) phones and the world is increasingly becoming unwired due to diffusion of this technology. The cellular technology is present in most Asian countries since 1980s. However, its diffusion process in these countries has largely been affected by technological developments, i.e., transition from analogue to digital, and regulations. The nature of regulations relate to spectrum licensing and the number of competitors allowed by respective governments. These regulatory decisions may explain the current structure of mobile phone industry in most of these countries. The popularity of cellular communication lies in its appealing advantage as compared with the fixed networks. The most important feature of a cellular phone is its portability in that the call is made to a person and not to a place. In developed countries, the features available on mobile handsets (such as caller line identification, voice mail, call forwarding, call waiting and the facility of receiving and transmitting short text messages) are available free of charge. However, these cell phone facilities are very costly in developing countries as compared with their fixed networks. The regulatory licensing structure prevailing in these countries partly explains this price differential. In effect there has been wide diversity in the speed of introduction of mobile phones and their diffusion across developing countries, which has not been explored. Gruber and Verboven (1998) has recently examined diffusion of cell phones in the European Union. However, this is a neglected area of research in developing countries.

scholarly journals Study on Worldwide Embodied Impacts of Construction: Analysis of WIOD Release 2016

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3172
Author(s):  
Yu Mishina ◽  
Yosuke Sasaki ◽  
Keizo Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Technological Developments

Net-zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) that contribute to making annual energy consumption balances zero are effective measures for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the construction sector. As the application of ZEBs progresses, GHG emissions during the construction of buildings and the manufacturing of materials and products (called construction EG) account for a relatively large proportion of overall emissions. This study aimed to clarify construction EG as a means by which to formulate policies for the reduction of emissions in each country. The construction EGs of 43 countries from 2011 were analyzed. The 56-sector input/output table and CO2 emission data of the 2016 World Input/Output Database, published by the EU, were both used in this analysis. It was found that the construction sector accounted for the highest proportion of total CO2 emissions. Moreover, the fraction of construction EG tended to be higher in developing countries such as China and India, while developed countries tended to contribute a lower fraction of construction EG. Construction EGs were shown to be heavily influenced by the sectors that manufacture “cement”, “steel bars and steel frames”, and “energy sources”. Thus, it is very important to advance technological developments to reduce CO2 emissions within these sectors. The annual variation of construction EGs and CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2014 showed that the construction EGs and total CO2 emissions in developing countries were increasing, whereas emissions from developed countries have been decreasing slightly.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document