scholarly journals Elasticity and Buoyancy of the Tax System in Pakistan

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiz Bilquees
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Withholding Tax ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
Withholding Taxes ◽  
Excise Duties

This paper examines the elasticity and buoyancy of the tax system for the period 1974-75–2003-04. The elasticity of the total tax revenue both with respect to the total GDP and the non-agricultural GDP base is less than unity. Overall, sales tax takes the lead by way of improving revenues. The high coefficient of income tax inclusive of withholding tax, which is an indirect tax, is high. Excluding the withholding tax leads to a lower coefficient. Sales tax with respect to imports and manufacturing also takes care of loss of revenue due to lowering of tariff and excise duties. However, the sales tax coefficient with respect to the GDP base reflects the inclusion of service sector and utilities in the sales tax net, which has serious implications for the poor. The estimates of buoyancy suggest that tax changes did not lead to significant revenue augmentation. The low buoyancy of income tax exclusive of the withholding taxes implies that imposition of massive withholding taxes coupled with an increase in the taxable income limits is working at cross purposes.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERUBAHAN TARIF PENGHASILAN TIDAK KENA PAJAK (PTKP) TAHUN 2015 DAN TAHUN 2016 TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN (PPH) PASAL 21 DI KANTOR PELAYANAN PAJAK PRATAMA BITUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megawani Lewa ◽  
Lintje Kalangi ◽  
Winston Pontoh
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The People ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Income Tax Revenue

Tax is a compulsory payment to every citizen whose counterpart is not direct. In 2016 there is an Increase in the tariff of Non Taxable Revenue (PTKP). The increase of non-taxable income (PTKP) will be enjoyed by the people who work as employees/employees, and the Taxpayer Object Tax (WPOP) workers who have free and / or self-employed jobs because it will lower taxable income tax (PKP) taxpayers. However, the increase in PTKP has the potential to decrease income tax revenue. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PTKP changes on the acceptance of Income Tax Article 21 in KPP Pratama Bitung. The method used is qualitative descriptive method. The research results show that the non-taxable income (PTKP) experienced a 50% increase and this affects income tax revenue PPh) significantly. Expected to be able to do things to increase tax revenue from the income tax side of article 21. One of them is to adjust the limits of PTKP with the lowest salary / income of employees. In addition, the Tax Office of Bitung Pratama is also expected to provide continuous supervision and extension on taxpayers of individuals, bodies and treasurers of government offices concerning the awareness of their obligation to withhold tax on income tax on the employee or employees accordingly at the prevailing rate.Keywords: Non Taxable Income, Income Tax, Changes receipts

scholarly journals Tax Revenue, Tax Reform and Government Expenditure: The Case of Nigerian Economy (1994 – 2017)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chinedu Jonathan Ndubuisi ◽  
Onyekachi Louis Ezeokwelume ◽  
Ruth Onyinyechi Maduka
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Excise Duties

The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of tax revenue and years tax reforms on government expenditure in Nigerian. Tax revenue were explained using custom and excise duties, company income tax, value-added tax and tax reforms explained by the years in which reforms took place measured by dummy variables as proxies. In conducting this research, an annual time series data from central bank statistical bulletins and Federal Inland revenue Service of Nigeria spanning from 1994-2017 were employed. The data were tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dicker-Fuller Unit Root Test and found stationary at first difference. The Johansen co-integration test was also conducted and showed that the variables are co-integrated at the 5% level, which implied that there is a long-run relationship between the variables in the model. The presence of co-integration spurred the use of vector error correction model and VEC granger causality to determine the effects and decision for the study objective. Findings revealed that Customs and Excise Duties has positive (3.96) and significant (-8.38) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=8.38>1.96), Company Income Tax has negative (-1.25) and significant (2.98) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=2.98>1.96), Value added tax has positive (8.54) and significant (3.90) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=3.90>1.96) and Tax reforms periods has negative(-3.52E+12) and significant (8.39) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=8.39>1.96). The study thus concluded that tax revenue and tax reforms significantly affect the Nigerian economy with the direction of causation running from government revenue to government expenditure, supporting the revenue-spend or tax-spend hypothesis.  It was recommended while seeking to increase its revenue base via tax should also increase their expenditure profile to create a balance with the tax revenue and every other tax reform should be geared towards this balance.

Tax Expenditures and the Tax Reform Act of 1969 in the United States

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Seiichiro Mozumi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
Federal Taxation ◽  
The Government

Abstract In the United States, tax favoritism—an approach that has weakened the extractive capacity of the federal government by providing tax loopholes and preferences for taxpayers—has remained since the 1930s. It has consumed the amount of tax revenue the government can spend and therefore weakened the possibility of the redistribution of fiscal resources. It has also made the federal tax system complicated and inequitable, resulting in undermining taxpayer consent. Therefore, since the 1930s, a tax reform to create a simple, fair, and equitable federal income tax system with the capacity to raise revenue has been long overdue. Many scholars have evaluated the Tax Reform Act of 1969 (TRA69), which Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 30, 1969, as one of the most successful steps toward accomplishing this goal. This article demonstrates that TRA69 left tax favoritism in the United States. Furthermore, it points out that TRA69 turned taxpayers against the idea of federal taxation, a shift in public perception that greatly impacted tax reform in the years to follow.

Measuring Revenue-maximizing Elasticities of Taxable Income

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Creedy ◽  
Norman Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Marginal Tax Rates ◽  
The Right

This article considers the question of whether marginal tax rates (MTRs) in the US income tax system are on the “right” side of their respective Laffer curves. Previous attention has tended to focus specifically on the top MTR. Conceptual expressions for these “revenue-maximizing elasticities of taxable income” (ETI L), based on readily observable tax parameters, are presented for each tax rate in a multi-rate income tax system. Applying these to the US income tax, with its complex effective marginal rate structure, demonstrates that a wide range of revenue-maximizing ETI values can be expected within, and across, tax brackets and for all taxpayers in aggregate. For some significant groups of taxpayers, these revenue-maximizing ETIs appear to be within the range of empirically estimated elasticities.

The Effect of Inflation on the Income Elasticity of Taxes

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack P. Suyderhoud ◽  
Michael Veseth
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Real ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
The Relationship

This paper defines the relationship between the nominal (or money) income elasticity and the real income elasticity of a tax system. Under most circumstances, the real and the nominal income elasticities differ. This difference has not been recognized by economists who rely strictly on nominal elasticities as an indicator of revenue adequacy or tax burden, a practice which can be misleading, especially under conditions of general price inflation. The income tax, sales tax and property tax are analyzed briefly in terms of their elasticity features.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERUBAHAN PENGHASILAN TIDAK KENA PAJAK (PTKP) TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN ORANG PRIBADI PADA KANTOR PELAYANAN PAJAK PRATAMA ARGAMAKMUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Fitriano ◽  
Febri Dwi Rimbawati
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Income Tax Revenue

The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of Non-Taxable Income (PTKP) on Personal Income Tax Acceptance at Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Argamakmur. PTKP is a certain amount of income that is not taxable which can reduce the amount of personal income tax revenue. The method used in this research is to use data collection method of documentation and analysis method used is descriptive quantitative. The analysis in this study uses a simple linear regression formula and coefficient of determination with the help of SPSS application. And to prove the effect of Non-Taxable Income (PTKP) on Personal Income Tax Acceptance then used hypothesis test (t test).The results of the simple linear regression data data of Y = 9461924484.969 - 1054.200 (X) and data analysis using the determination coefficient is 0.106 with the contribution of the variable non-taxable income (X) to the receipt of personal income tax is 10.6%, while the rest is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. From the results of the data processing, the value of t-count is -2,010 and the value of t-table is 1.305. if the two values are compared, then the t count is -2.010 ≤ t table 1.305 which means that the Non-Taxable Income has a significant negative effect on the Personal Income Tax Revenue.

scholarly journals Changes of PTKP, PPh, PPN and PPnBM: its linkages on DJP East Java II

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-201
Author(s):  
Mienati Somya Lasmana ◽  
Reni Eka Isyatir Rodhiyah
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Comparison Analysis ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Analysis Technique

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to know the relevance between the changes in non-taxable income with the receipt of Income Tax Article 21, Income Tax Article 25/29, the receipt of value added tax and the receipt of luxury sales tax r (PPnBM). Design/methodology/approach Changes in non-taxable income have potentially reduced the receipt of Income Tax Article 21, Income Tax Article 25/29 of individual taxpayers, otherwise it increased value added tax and luxury sales tax receipts. This study used the descriptive qualitative approach, by conducting a simple case study based on actual data. Data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics and comparison analysis. Research conducted at the Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Pajak Jawa Timur II. Findings The results show that the changes of non-taxable income in 2013 and 2015 did not affect the receipt of Income Tax Article 21 but the growth is slowed, while the receipt of Income Tax Article 25/29 increased. Originality/value Value added tax and luxury sales tax receipts, increasing every year, slowed down in 2013, but increased higher in 2015.

Eine verteilungspolitische Beurteilung aktueller Reformkonzepte zur deutschen Einkommensbesteuerung / A Distributional Analysis of Recent Reform Proposals on the German Income Tax Rate

2012 ◽  
Vol 232 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Struch
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Distributional Analysis ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Recent Reform ◽  
Static Simulation

SummaryThe present paper investigates potential fiscal and distributional effects which emerge due to four reform scenarios on the German income tax rate. The analysis is based on a static simulation model for the German tax system using income tax micro-data. The data shows that changing the present progressive tax system to a flat-tax, which was proposed by the FDP in 2010, could reduce the tax revenue by 15 billion Euro. Such a tax regime would increase the unequal distribution and polarisation of net incomes. The IW Köln suggested an alternative tax rate in 2008. This regime would increase unequal distribution and polarisation of disposable incomes to a greater extent than the FDP-tax rate. An implementation of this income tax scale would go along with losses in tax revenue of 18.8 billion Euro. Likewise, the implementation of a 2009 SPD tax rate proposal would reduce tax revenue by 14.8 billion Euro. Although this regime would reduce unequal distribution, the effect on the polarization of disposable incomes is not definitely predictable. In contrast to all the other scenarios, the realisation of the recent SPD tax rate proposal from 2011 could enlarge tax revenue by 4.7 billion Euro. This tax regime would reduce unequal distribution and polarisation of disposable incomes even more than the present tax system.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN WITHHOLDING TAX SYSTEM PRESPEKTIF MUTATIS MUTANDIS PADA LEMBAGA KEUANGAN SYARIAH (Studi Kasus pada BMT Al-Hijrah KAN Jabung)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Siti Eli Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Induction Process ◽  
Withholding Tax

The research objective is to know the tax cut by sharia financial institution by referring to the Tax Legislation on Income Tax (PPh) that is generally applicable, as well as the procedures of tax cuts using the means of Withholding Tax System and the basic of tax imposition on revenue sharing in sharia financial institution.The data analyzing method used by the researcher is qualitative data analysis with Case Study formulate theory, looking at theory as well as cases as the induction process from the observation toward facts (gathering information). Based on the data analysis and interview result done in this research, the finding suggests that BMT Al Hijrah KAN Jabung have implemented tax system in accordance with the generally applicable tax provision as well as withholding tax system in BMT Al Hijrah KAN Jabung which is implemented in deposit revenue sharing and time mudharabah (deposito).

scholarly journals Analysis of Tax Structure Performance and its Ratio in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Amri Amir ◽  
Adi Bhakti ◽  
. Junaidi ◽  
Syahmardi Yacob
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tax Ratios

This study aims to determine and analyze fluctuations in tax revenues, tax structure, and factors that determine tax revenues and ratios in Indonesia. The data used are data on the structure, revenue, and tax ratios from 2001 to 2017. The results show that the tax structure in Indonesia was dominated by direct taxes (income tax and personal tax) with contributions >50% and progressive, while indirect tax contributions (Value-Added Tax, Sales Tax on Luxury Goods, etc.) are around 30%. The tax ratio is still low at 14.58 percent. The results also show that GDP influences tax revenue, while the value of exports and the number of taxpayers have no effect. The tax ratio in Indonesia is influenced by GDP and the value of exports, while the mandatory amount has no effect. From a sample of 150 SMEs in Jambi, it is known that the level of compliance, obedience, assessment of tax servants is considered very good (average value> 80). Taxpayers' confidence in the use of tax funds for the benefit of the state is still low at 40.27, and sanctions for non-negotiable tax violations are also low at 48.53.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document