scholarly journals Women’s Autonomy and Happiness:The Case of Pakistan

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mubashir Ali ◽  
Rizwan ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Women's Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Women's Autonomy ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Pakistani Women ◽  
Nationally Representative

It is generally believed that “autonomy” brings happiness and satisfaction in women’s lives. In this study we examine whether or not the established autonomy indicators are a source of “happiness” for Pakistani women. By using the nationally representative data, only two indicators, i.e., “women’s education” and “decisionmaking authority”, prove to be important factors in finding “very happy” status in women’s life. Additionally, “possession of assets” also proves to be an important factor in providing the “very happy” status in a women’s life. However, the “possession and utilisation of assets” and “going alone outside the house” are not important indicators of a “very happy” status in women’s life in Pakistan and “Labour force participation” is indicative of unhappiness. The results of this study show that not all established indicators of autonomy bring about happiness in the lives of Pakistani women. This is because Pakistani society differs from other societies, in particular the western society, and hence the concept of “autonomy” in bringing about “happiness” in the lives of Pakistani women yields effects different from those in other societies. Thus, there is a need to focus on the advocacy of only those autonomy variables which lead to happiness in a woman’s life, which is the end-goal for women, who form a vital part of the society.

scholarly journals INCOME INEQUALITY ACROSS STATES IN MALAYSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nai Peng Tey ◽  
Siow Li Lai ◽  
Sor Tho Ng ◽  
Kim Leng Goh ◽  
Ahmad Farid Osman
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
East Malaysia ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Nationally Representative

This paper examines income differentials across the 16 states/territories in Malaysia, using quantile regression of income per capita on a nationally representative sample of 24,463 households in 2014. The results show that the vast differentials in income per capita across states are attenuated after taking into account urban-rural and ethnic distribution, but remain significant. Income differentials across states vary at different levels of income, being more pronounced at the lower ends of the distributions. States and territory in the central region had the highest income. The three states in the southern regions fared better than those in the northern region (except Penang), and the eastern region as well as East Malaysia. Other variables such as level of urbanisation, the educational level, migration, employment structure, and female labour force participation may also affect income differentials across states.

scholarly journals Negotiation with Patriarchy in Women's Lives: A Case Study in a Malaysian Public University

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Azman Azwan Azmawati ◽  
Noraida Endut ◽  
Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim ◽  
Nor Hafizah Selamat ◽  
Kelvin Ying
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Public University ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The University ◽  
Life Type

Objective - While women make up almost 65% of undergraduates in public universities in Malaysia, only in the last three years their labour force participation rates have gone beyond the 50% mark. In addition, women form less than 20% of the legislature and Cabinet of Ministers in Malaysia. What pushes women in their achievements in education and what factors pull them back in other areas? How do patriarchal gender norms underpin their ability and decisions in life's choices and how have they understood and negotiated these norms? This paper aims to explore these questions through narratives of women in a public university. Methodology/Technique - The paper is based on Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with 12 women who are staff and postgraduate students of the university. The respondents were divided into two groups: one consisting of the university's academic and administrative staff and the other postgraduate students. Separate discussions were conducted for each group. The discussions were transcribed and analysed. Findings - Findings show that women have confidence in their ability to contribute effectively and in the same manner as men in different spheres of their lives such as work, home and community. However, often they have had to negotiate their ways around various beliefs, practices and norms about the superiority of men in society. Novelty - The study researches factors that affects woman achievements in life. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Gender roles and Characteristic, Masculinity, Patriarchy JEL Classification: J16, J18.

Recounting Major State Policies That Promote the Male Breadwinner Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-240
Author(s):  
Shruti Appalla ◽  
Sony Pellissery
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Norms

The male breadwinner model is a system of family organization where the male adult is the primary earning member while the wife is considered to be a stay-at-home mother responsible for managing the household and child rearing. It is particularly seen to be prevalent in India where it is reinforced by traditional norms separating women from public spaces. While cultural and religious norms perpetuate this stereotype of an ideal family, the model has also received a lot of support in state policies and laws. This chapter attempts to focus on policies in fields like identity, inheritance, maintenance, labour, and property law that have until recently or continue to relegate women to the position of an invisible supporting wage earner in the family. It specifically focuses on deficits in childcare policies. It traces the consequence of these policies in reducing labour force participation rates and perpetuating patriarchal norms in society. In the process, the chapter explains the rise of the model from industrial Europe, its manifestation in a non-Western society like India, and its hopeful decline.

scholarly journals INCOME INEQUALITY ACROSS STATES IN MALAYSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nai Peng Tey ◽  
Siow Li Lai ◽  
Sor Tho Ng ◽  
Kim Leng Goh ◽  
Ahmad Farid Osman
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
East Malaysia ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Nationally Representative

This paper examines income differentials across the 16 states/territories in Malaysia, using quantile regression of income per capita on a nationally representative sample of 24,463 households in 2014. The results show that the vast differentials in income per capita across states are attenuated after taking into account urban-rural and ethnic distribution, but remain significant. Income differentials across states vary at different levels of income, being more pronounced at the lower ends of the distributions. States and territory in the central region had the highest income. The three states in the southern regions fared better than those in the northern region (except Penang), and the eastern region as well as East Malaysia. Other variables such as level of urbanisation, the educational level, migration, employment structure, and female labour force participation may also affect income differentials across states.

Employment Pattern and Extent of Under-utilisation of Manpower in Rural Baran; Areas of Pakistan

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1225-1233
Author(s):  
Sabur Ghayur
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Frontier Province ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Employment Pattern

The barani (rain-fed) region accounts for about a fifth of the cultivated area in Pakistan. It has the potential to significantly increase crop production levels. Similarly, considerable scope exists in this area for the development of forests, fruit and vegetable gardening, pasture and stock rearing. Most of the natural resources are also found in this tract. Its hilly areas possess a vast potential for tourism. Besides, significant opportunities exist for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. An optimum utilisation of all this potential, obviously, is employmentgenerating and income-augmenting. Despite all such realisations this region as a whole, unfortunately, is identified as the least attended to area in terms of provision of socio-physical infrastructure, other development programmes and, even, research work. This led to a deterioration of the employment situation in the barani region as a whole. A poor information base and analysis thereof on employment and manpower related variables is also the consequence of such a treatment to this area. I This paper, using the data of a field survey, tries to fill, though partly, the vacuum on employment and related variables in the rural barani region. An attempt is made here to record and analyse the labour force participation rates, employment pattern (main economic activities) and unemployment/underemployment levels prevailing in the rural baran; areas of the provinces of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).

Modelling the cost of ill health in Health&WealthMOD (Version II): lost labour force participation, income and taxation, and the impact of disease prevention

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Schofield ◽  
Rupendra Shrestha ◽  
Emily Callander ◽  
Richard Pervical ◽  
Simon Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

How Has the Middle Fared in the Netherlands? A Tale of Stagnation and Population Shifts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiemer Salverda ◽  
Stefan Thewissen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Wage Moderation ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Real Increase ◽  
Dual Income ◽  
Household Incomes

This chapter sets out how inequality and real incomes across the distribution evolved in the Netherlands from the late 1970s through the economic Crisis. Inequality grew, though not dramatically, while wages showed remarkably little real increase. This meant that real income increases for households relied for the most part on the growth in female labour-force participation and in dual-income couples. The chapter highlights the major changes in population and household structures that underpinned the observed changes in household incomes at different points in the distribution. It also sets out key features of the institutional structures in the labour market and broader welfare state, and the centrality of the priority given to wage moderation and the maintenance of competitiveness in the growth model adopted throughout the period.

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