INCOME INEQUALITY ACROSS STATES IN MALAYSIA

This paper examines income differentials across the 16 states/territories in Malaysia, using quantile regression of income per capita on a nationally representative sample of 24,463 households in 2014. The results show that the vast differentials in income per capita across states are attenuated after taking into account urban-rural and ethnic distribution, but remain significant. Income differentials across states vary at different levels of income, being more pronounced at the lower ends of the distributions. States and territory in the central region had the highest income. The three states in the southern regions fared better than those in the northern region (except Penang), and the eastern region as well as East Malaysia. Other variables such as level of urbanisation, the educational level, migration, employment structure, and female labour force participation may also affect income differentials across states.

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INCOME INEQUALITY ACROSS STATES IN MALAYSIA

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pmjournal.v17.i10.625 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Nai Peng Tey ◽

Siow Li Lai ◽

Sor Tho Ng ◽

Kim Leng Goh ◽

Ahmad Farid Osman

Keyword(s):

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Northern Region ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Income Differentials ◽

East Malaysia ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Per Capita ◽

Nationally Representative

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Fertility and socio-economic determinants: evidence from co-integration and multivariate Granger casualty tests

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20164725 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Prakash Kengnal ◽

Asha Bullappa

Keyword(s):

Labour Force ◽

National Income ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Fertility Rate ◽

Gross National Income ◽

Female Labour Force Participation ◽

Labour Force Participation Rate ◽

Female Labour ◽

Per Capita

Background: The empirical work on fertility determinants widely discusses the role of socio-economic factors like female labour force participation rate, urban population and per capita gross national income in determining fertility rates. The India’s high fertility rate began to decline gradually after late 1950s and continued to fall since then. India achieved almost 31 per cent decline in fertility rate from 1990 to 2012. The objective was to examine the relationship between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income for India.Methods: This study covers the sample period from 1990-2012. Moreover, the direction of causality between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India using Granger Causality test within the Vector Error-Correction Model (VECM) are examined.Results: As a summary of the empirical results, we found that fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India are co-integrated and there is unidirectional Granger Causality between the four variables in long and short-run.Conclusions: The growth in urban population, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income are responsible for the decrease in fertility rate in India.

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Taller but thinner: trends in child anthropometry in Senegal, 1990–2015

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019003598 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (13) ◽

pp. 2365-2372

Author(s):

Michel Garenne

Keyword(s):

Economic Status ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Average Weight ◽

Average Height ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Per Capita ◽

Nationally Representative

AbstractObjective:To investigate trends in child anthropometry in Senegal between 1990 and 2015 and relate them with potential causes. Several hypotheses were tested: changes in health status, income, diet and socio-economic status.Design:Statistical analysis of trends in anthropometric data: height, weight, BMI and associated Z-scores calculated with the CDC-2000 standard (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ). Trends were fitted with linear regression models and were related with changes in health and socio-economic status.Setting:Nine nationally representative samples of Senegalese children aged 12–59 months, taken between 1986 and 2017 by Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).Participants:Children aged 12–59 months.Results:Over the 25 years of investigation, the average height of children increased by +1·88 cm, their average weight by +0·10 kg, but their BMI decreased by −0·53 kg/m2. Corresponding changes expressed in Z-scores were +0·454 in HAZ, +0·109 in WAZ and −0·302 in WHZ. This pattern of decreasing stunting while increasing wasting was correlated with decreasing child mortality, despite small changes in income per capita and in adult heights or BMI. Largest improvements in HAZ were among the lower socio-economic strata, while largest declines in WHZ were among higher socio-economic strata.Conclusions:Decline in stunting appeared associated primarily with the control of infectious diseases, also responsible for the mortality decline. Increase in wasting was surprising. It appears associated with small changes in income per capita, and therefore in diet, in a context of increasing height.

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Regional Income Differentials in Canada, 1911–1961

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700077603 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 586-588

Author(s):

R. Marvin McInnis

Keyword(s):

Continuous Change ◽

Regional Income ◽

Income Differences ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Income Differentials ◽

Canadian Experience ◽

Preliminary Examination ◽

Statistical Series ◽

Per Capita ◽

Point Of Departure

The point of departure of this dissertation is the observation that, over the entire period for which statistics are available, regional differences in income per capita in Canada have remained unchanged. Five commonly recognized regions of the country are considered: the Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario, the Prairie Provinces, and British Columbia. Official statistical series show that the relative levels of income per capita in the five regions have been about the same in recent years as in the late 1920's, when the series begins. In a world of continuous change there may be no single expected trend of regional income differentials, but convergence does seem to be a common pattern among the industrially advanced nations of the world.2 The Canadian experience is sufficiently interesting to call for further examination. The dissertation summarized here begins this examination in two ways: estimates of regional per capita income are made for some years prior to the beginning of the official series and a preliminary examination of some important factors influencing regional income differences is begun.

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Pengeluaran Pariwisata dan Karakteristik Sosial Demografi Rumah Tangga di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Indonesian Journal of Applied Statistics ◽

10.13057/ijas.v1i1.24120 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Sri Subanti ◽

Arif Rahman Hakim

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Household Income ◽

Local Governments ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Household Members ◽

Per Capita ◽

Tourism Expenditure ◽

Length Of Study

The study about tourism expenditure had been one of the important things in the formulation of tourism development, such as marketing analysis, strategies, and policies. Based on this condition, the purpose of our paper wants to know about the determinants of tourism expenditure at households level based on their demographic characteristics. The findings of this paper, (1) the important factors affecting household tourism expenditure are marital status, sex, household income per capita, education for heads of households, the length of study for household members in average, number of households, urban-rural, and industrial origin for head of household; (2) variables that are positively related to tourism expenditure are marital status, age, education, number of household, household income per capita, the length of study for household members in average, urban-rural, and home ownership. This paper suggest that the local governments should give an attention on households demographic characteristics to formulate the tourism marketing and the tourism policies.<br />Keywords : tourism expenditure, demographic characteristics, households

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Labour Force Participation Rate and it Implications on Food Security, Fertility Rate and Economic Growth in West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) Countries

Izvestiya Journal of the University of Economics – Varna ◽

10.36997/ijuev2020.64.4.444 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 444-458

Author(s):

Aduralere Oyelade ◽

◽

Onome Oghenetega ◽

Favour Eforuoku ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Food Security ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Fertility Rate ◽

Female Labour Force Participation ◽

Labour Force Participation Rate ◽

Female Labour ◽

Per Capita ◽

Male Labour

The study investigated the impact of labour force participation rate and its implications on food security, fertility rate and economic growth in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ). Using data from 6 countries over the period of 1990 tо 2016 and pool autoregressive dіstrіbutеd lаg (PАRDL) bоunds tеstіng рrосеdurе was employed. The result from the study showed that female labour force participation and health expenditure per capita determine food security and male labour force participation, female labour force participation, gross capita formation, health education per capita and enrolment in secondary education are the variables that determine fertility rate, while male labour force participation, female labour force participation, health expenditure per capita and enrolment in secondary education affect GDP per capita. The study recommended that policies should be directed toward increasing female labour force participation which will compliment male labour force participation as well as increase decent and productive work opportunities for female workers which will promote GDP per capita, leading to reduction in fertility rate and promote food security among member countries. Furthermore, family-friendly policies will further encourage females to participate in the labour market. Therefore, more efforts should be made to promote female labour force participation as the entire WAMZ countries will benefit from the growth and welfare improvement that it will generate. WAMZ countries governments need build their capacity through investment in health and education in order to enhance productivity of the labour force which will lead to economic growth, reduction in fertility rate as well as promote food security. This study has contributed empirically and theoretically to the body of knowledge. The scope covered also makes the study uniquely robust and different from previous ones.

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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Turkey

10.15847/cisrnyn.nrtr.2020.12 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Statistical Institute ◽

Before And After ◽

The Status ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Youth Population ◽

Public Datasets

This report describes the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Turkey. To achieve this goal, the report portrays indicators of youth population, youth employment and unemployment, education and NEETs distribution. Since the urban/rural distinction is not clear in Turkey, the overtime change in the status of the Rural NEETs can-not be analysed.The adopted statistical procedures across the different selected dimensions involves descriptive longitudinal analysis, using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts) as well as the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019 and 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the indi-cators evolution before and after the economic crisis that hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets, in addition we also used the statistics provi-ded by the Statistical Institute of Turkey, in addition to some academic works.The analyses show that Turkey has an ageing population, and that the share of the youth in the population declined over years. The relatively younger population of Turkey has pre-viously always been accepted as an advantage, but this advantage has disappeared with declining birth rates. The transition to a new administrative system in 2012 prevents a de-tailed analysis of the situation of rural NEETS. However, the available data shows that there is a significant gender gap and the lower levels of female labour force participation has led to the emergence of the NEETs as a gendered problem.

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Female Labour Force Participation in African Countries: An Empirical Analysis

Indian Journal of Human Development ◽

10.1177/0973703019895234 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 278-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Omowumi O. Idowu ◽

Taiwo Owoeye

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Female Labour Force Participation ◽

African Countries ◽

Female Labour ◽

Labour Participation ◽

Per Capita

This article investigates female labour force participation (FLFP) in a panel comprising 20 selected African countries across five sub-regional groupings, over the period 1990–2018. It analyses the determinants of demand and supply of FLFP, thereby contributing to the ongoing debate on the female labour participation in African countries. The study sources data from the World Bank Data Bank and uses seemingly unrelated regression as an estimation technique after confirming the stationarity of the time series properties of all variables and the static analysis of the models. The analysis suggests that the GDP growth rate and inequality are positive determinants of female labour demand, while wages, GDP per capita growth and poverty are negative determinants. It also shows evidence for an inverted U-shaped relationship between female labour supply and economic development in Africa, while education, fertility, GDP per capita growth, manufacturing growth rate and culture were contributing factors to this relationship. It is therefore suggested that policymakers in Africa should accelerate the process of formalising African economies to encourage an increase in female labour participation.

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Projection of the Output Cost Arising from Low Labour Force Participation of Women in North Cyprus

Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Womens Studies ◽

10.33831/jws.v19i2.275 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 17-30

Author(s):

Demet Beton-Kalmaz

Keyword(s):

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Female Labour Force Participation ◽

Participation Rates ◽

The South ◽

Female Labour ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

North Cyprus ◽

Catch Up ◽

Per Capita

The relationship between gender inequality and economic growth has become one of the most interesting and debated issues both in the academic literature and the policy arena. The aim of this study is to investigate how gender inequalities in the labour force participation (LFP) in North Cyprus undermine the per capita output of the country. Thus, the study is designed to estimate the simulation of a possible increase in per capita GDP based on 2011 data generated by the catch up of north female labour force participation rates to the south for the year 2011. Different age categories for female labour force are considered for the measurement. The age categories distributed within the working age population including female labour force population between the ages 15 and over. The age categories are divided into 5 groups as including the female participants between the age from 15 to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 and over. Data used is obtained from the State Planning Organization (SPO) of North Cyprus government for North Cyprus and from the World Bank database for South Cyprus. The North Cyprus labour force participation rates are adjusted to the south as suggested by Bryant et. al. (2004). Parallel to the previous literature, it is found that female labour force participation (FLFP) rate has a positive impact on GDP in North Cyprus. There would have been a 4% higher per capita GDP with the catch up of north to south FLFP rate which might be a substantial contribution towards decreasing the income gap between north and south.

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Women’s Autonomy and Happiness:The Case of Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v45i1pp.121-136 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 121-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Syed Mubashir Ali ◽

Rizwan ul Haq

Keyword(s):

Women's Education ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Western Society ◽

Women's Autonomy ◽

Vital Part ◽

Representative Data ◽

Women's Lives ◽

Pakistani Women ◽

Nationally Representative

It is generally believed that “autonomy” brings happiness and satisfaction in women’s lives. In this study we examine whether or not the established autonomy indicators are a source of “happiness” for Pakistani women. By using the nationally representative data, only two indicators, i.e., “women’s education” and “decisionmaking authority”, prove to be important factors in finding “very happy” status in women’s life. Additionally, “possession of assets” also proves to be an important factor in providing the “very happy” status in a women’s life. However, the “possession and utilisation of assets” and “going alone outside the house” are not important indicators of a “very happy” status in women’s life in Pakistan and “Labour force participation” is indicative of unhappiness. The results of this study show that not all established indicators of autonomy bring about happiness in the lives of Pakistani women. This is because Pakistani society differs from other societies, in particular the western society, and hence the concept of “autonomy” in bringing about “happiness” in the lives of Pakistani women yields effects different from those in other societies. Thus, there is a need to focus on the advocacy of only those autonomy variables which lead to happiness in a woman’s life, which is the end-goal for women, who form a vital part of the society.

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