scholarly journals An Anatomy of State Failures in Forest Management in Pakistan

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1189-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Forest Department ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World

Deforestation remains one of the most intractable environmental problems of today. About one third the size of the original forest cover has disappeared so far. Despite continuous efforts by the world community to curb this process, deforestation continues unabated in most parts of the world, with serious consequences for the human livelihoods, eco systems, and global climate. Pakistan also faces serious problem of depletion of its forest reserves. Approximately 39000 ha of forest are being cleared every year.1 If deforestation continues at this pace, it is feared that Pakistan will lose most of its forest within the next thirty to forty years. Being a forest poor country, with forest occupying less than 5 percent of total land area,2 protection of its forest resources is a vital task. Forest management faces many challenges in Pakistan. Forests face tremendous pressure, not only from a population of 160 million people for meeting their needs3 (be it only subsistence needs), but also from market forces which have seen soaring timber prices for many years now. Forest department is ill equipped to counter these challenges. It lacks human and financial resources, and relevant technical expertise.

scholarly journals Sustained-Yield Forest Management: The View from Sweden

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Hägglund
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Intensive Silviculture ◽  
Agricultural Efficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustained Yield

Sweden is a small but quite active forest country. Occupying about 0.6% of the world forest land area it holds about 15% of the international wood products market. The standing volume of forests has increased continuously since about the year of 1900. Many factors have contributed to this positive development. One is Sweden's conversion from a poor underdeveloped agrarian country to a modern industrial one. This meant a tremendous increase in agricultural efficiency and thus an important release of land which could be shifted from agriculture to forestry. But another reason for increased forest resources was and is the belief in the importance of having good forests in a remote future. The sustained or even increased yield concept is a part of this belief, materialized most of all as a more intensive silviculture.

The Global Ocean Observing Component of IOOS: Implementation of the Initial Global Ocean Observing System for Climate and the Path Forward

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel M. Levy ◽  
Derrick Snowden ◽  
Candyce Clark ◽  
Kathleen Crane ◽  
Howard J. Diamond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Generation System ◽  
World Community ◽  
Design Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Ocean Observing ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe global ocean observing system for climate, which comprises the global in situ component of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, has now achieved about 61% of its initial design goal. Although this observing system, implemented cooperatively by over 70 countries worldwide, serves multiple applications, it is designed primarily to address climate requirements defined by the international Global Climate Observing System. The U.S. contribution to the system, described here, is implemented as an interdependent set of observational subsystems that constitute about half of the over 8,000 observing platforms deployed by the world community. Although much work remains to complete the initial global observing system, scientific advances of the past decade have identified the need to deploy a second-generation system that integrates biogeochemical and ecological observations with the primarily physical and carbon-related oceanographic observations that form the backbone of the initial observing system.

scholarly journals Permafrost Landscapes: Classification and Mapping

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
Stability Assessment ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Global Climate Warming ◽  
The World ◽  
Formation Dynamics

Permafrost landscapes occupy 25% of the world’s land area. The formation, dynamics, and evolution of these landscapes are greatly controlled by permafrost processes and thus require special approaches to classification and mapping. Alases, pingoes, edoma, thermokarst mounds, stone streams, low-centre polygonal tundra, and other surface features are associated with the presence of permafrost. Permafrost degradation and greenhouse gas emission due to global climate warming are among the major potential dangers facing the world. Improvements in knowledge about permafrost landscapes are therefore increasingly important. This special issue, titled “Permafrost Landscapes: Classification and Mapping”, presents articles on classification, mapping, monitoring, and stability assessment of permafrost landscapes, providing an overview of current work in the most important areas of cold regions research.

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change and Remote Sensing Technology in its Mitigation Options through Forest Management

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Rabindra Man Tamrakar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Forest Cover Change ◽  
Change Mitigation

Greenhouse effect causes global warming and its main consequence is the climate change. Average global temperature is rising significantly over the period. Despite the contribution of total GHG emission by Nepal to the global community is insignificant compared to the developed countries, Nepal has already encountered several adverse effects due to the global climate change, leading to the melting of Himalayan glaciers, reduced agriculture production, loss of biodiversity and ecosystems and changes in social structure and livelihoods. Forest land use change is responsible for CO2 emissions. Forest management therefore can play a significant role in climatic change mitigation. REDD has become the key mechanism in mitigating climate change. The success of REDD mechanism however depends primarily on availability of reliable forestry data including biomass changes and forest carbon estimates. Various Remote Sensing data including optical sensor data have been used for the analysis of forest cover change and estimation of degree of deforestation and degradation. LiDAR however has been widely used in estimating forest biomass for the climate change mitigation.

scholarly journals Diversity of the Owl Species in the Amazon Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heimo Juhani Mikkola
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Forest Logging ◽  
The World

The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world covering almost 40 per cent of the South American continent. For centuries, its vastness and inaccessibility have been protecting this area. The general belief is that the Amazonia region has unparalleled biodiversity which means that one in five of all bird species known in the globe lives in the Amazon Jungle. The author is testing this claim against the known occurrence of the world owl species. There are fewer owl species in Amazonia than expected namely 34 (against 54 expected). Two possible reasons are that our knowledge of the Amazon region species is still incomplete as may be indicated that new owl species have been found recently. The other reason could be that the rainforest is not after all the most wanted biotope for many of the owl species which often depend on the prey available in the bottom tier of the forest which is flooded during the wet season. Whatever the reason is, more detailed research is needed on all species of the Amazon region as there must be many new owls and other animal species out there waiting to be discovered. We have no idea how many of those new species have been or will be lost due to the rainforest destruction before they can be discovered. Therefore, it is necessary to stop deforestation in the Amazonia, be it due to forest logging, uncontrolled fires (often deliberately set) agriculture expansion or industrial development. Deforestation is not the only reason that the Amazon basin is changing. The rainforest suffers also from the global climate change when the higher temperatures reduce the rainfall in the tropical Atlantic region, causing drought and increasing the fire susceptibility of the rainforest. Luckily the owls are not so sensitive to surrounding forest cover as many other tropical forest-dependent bird species, like the large-bodied avian frugivores. Impacts of forest fragmentation on owls will need additional research.

Voices for the voiceless: climate protection from the streets to the courts

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-253
Author(s):  
Manuela Niehaus ◽  
Kirsten Davies
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
The World ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Behaviour Changes

In September 2019, over four million people, in an estimated 185 countries worldwide, marched for better climate policies and their enforcement in a global climate strike. This is an example of the global community, particularly young people, rising up and demanding climate action to protect their threatened future. The world community has experienced ‘rights-based’ community uprisings in the past, for example, anti-nuclear protests and movements for women’s rights. These uprisings have often led to changes in values, attitudes and behaviour, changes that have underpinned new laws, policies and practices. This article discusses how social movements and climate litigation activisms can influence and foster stronger climate policies and considers where current community climate uprisings will lead, in the context of climate and human rights law. The article explores whether these uprisings can embrace the ‘voiceless’ – future generations and nature – by giving them a meaningful voice in the service of urgently required climate action and legal protection of the planetary future.

scholarly journals Afterword. Ukraine in the world religious space

2008 ◽  
pp. 403-425
Author(s):  
Liudmyla O. Fylypovych
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Land Area ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spiritual Tradition

It has been 17 years since Ukraine has been in the world religious space, but it is hardly aware of its presence there, and the world community does not notice that this space has been enriched by another country and spiritual tradition. Thanks to Ukraine, the world religious space has increased territorially by 603.7 thousand km², which is 5.7% of European and 0.44% of world land area. This geographical area is inhabited by nearly 50 million, of which more than 30 million are believers. Ukraine, accounting for 0.7% of the population (46 million of 6.6 billion), has respectively 0.5% of believers in the world's total population. Such territorial and human quantitative growth is not too noticeable for the world. But this territory and human resources have long been present in the history of mankind. The spiritual weight of the Ukrainian religious experience requires verbalization both for the Ukrainians themselves and for other peoples who inhabit a certain local and global religious space.

scholarly journals Arctic Vector for German Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Alexander Kotov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
German Foreign Policy ◽  
World Community ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Ambivalent Relationship

Germany updated its Arctic strategy in 2019. It is determined that in the context of achieving global climate goals this region for Germany to be one of the key ones. It is emphasized that the interests of Germany are in the sustainable supply of natural resources from the Arctic. The long-term Germany`s policy is formed by the informing the world community about the risks of further economic development of the macroregion for global climatic and environmental reasons, which is carried out within the framework of national policies by the Arctic countries. Russia is one of the key Arctic countries with which Germany closely cooperates in the region in the economic and scientific spheres. Based on the assessment of Germany's position on Russia’s Arctic strategy (2020), the paper analyzes the ambivalent relationship between the two countries in the Arctic macro-region with elements of confrontation and cooperation. The author concludes that Russia and Germany can productively cooperate in the Arctic at the level of regions and economic entities, using it at the same time as an implicit field for discussing the current complex agenda of bilateral relations

Forest cover changes in Indonesia’s terrestrial national parks between 2012 and 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asri Dwiyahreni ◽  
Habiburrachman A.H. Fuad ◽  
SUNARYO Sunaryo ◽  
TRI EDHI BUDHI Soesilo ◽  
Chris Margules ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
The World ◽  
Forest Cover Changes ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Tropical rainforests are among the most important ecosystems on earth. After Brazil, Indonesia has the second largest tropical forest area in the world. Since the 1970s, Indonesia’s forests have decreased from covering 87% to 50% of its land area. With the ever increasing pressures from economic and human development it appears likely that much of the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by forest in Indonesia will only remain in conservation areas.  National parks currently cover around 60% or 16 Mha of the total area of protected areas in Indonesia. Between 2012 and 2017, 42 terrestrial national parks in Indonesia lost 1.07% of their total forest cover. However, primary forest cover increased by 0.07%. National parks in the Jawa Bali bioregion, through their natural mountainous conditions and ecosystem services to the surrounding areas, as well as better management inputs, have contributed to the increase of primary forest covers and keeping total forest loss relatively low in Indonesia’s national parks.

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