Space Planting, Competition, and Productivity of a Seven-Year-Old Clonal Teak Plantation in the East Java Monsoon Forest Area

Tree breeding of teak results in selected clones with high growth. Intensive silviculture is required to support a large-scale clonal teak plantation. Appropriate spacing is one of the methods to increase forest plantation productivity. Research of teak clone spacing was conducted on a seven-year-old clonal teak plantation with randomized completely block design. The treatments tested in this study were four plant spacing distances, namely, 3 m × 3 m, 6 m × 2 m, 8 m × 2 m, and 10 m × 2 m. Results show that spacing had significantly different effects on diameter, height, bole height, branch angle, crown area, crown projections, volume, and competition index. However, the height growth did not exhibit any significant differences. The 10 m × 2 m spacing produced the best diameter growth, crown area, and competition index, but has a low volume per hectare and the lowest height of free branch and branch angle. Meanwhile, the 3 m × 3 m spacing will increase bole height and stand volume per hectare. This result suggests that spacing could improve the growth of teak clone but must be followed by intensification of proper maintenance to reduce branch angle and increase bole height.

EVALUASI PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN UJI KETURUNAN MERANTI MERAH (Shorea leprosula) UMUR 12 TAHUN DI AREAL IUPHHK-HA PT. ERNA DJULIAWATI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

Red meranti (Shorea leprosula) is one of the superior plants in the application of intensive silviculture (SILIN). As a superior plant, PT. Erna Djuliawati has conducted a progeny test for S. leprosula in the IUPHHK-HA area in Central Kalimantan. The aim of this research was to determine the superior seedlot and genetic growth variation of the S. leprosula in the progeny test plot. The object studied was the 30 seedlots of S. leprosula plants in progeny test plot consists divided into 8 blocks, where each seedlot was 4 plants. The data collected consisted of diameter (cm), tree height (m) and percentage of tree life. The results showed that in the progeny test trial plot there were 5 seedlots with superior growth. The results of the analysis of variance on diameter, height and percentage showed a significant difference between the tested seedlots to the properties measured. High heritability values followed by wide genetic diversity indicate that the appearance of these characters is more determined by genetic factors. The value of moderate diameter genetic progress (8.6%) indicates that the diameter character is supported by genetic factors, so that it can facilitate the progress of selection.Keywords : Progeny test, Shorea leprosula, superior dan genetic variation. AbstrakMeranti merah (Shorea leprosula) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman unggulan dalam penerapan Silvikultur Intensif (SILIN). Sebagai tanaman unggulan, PT. Erna Djuliawati telah melakukan uji keturuan S. leprosula dalam areal IUPHHK-HA di Kalimantan Tengah. Tujuan penelitian ingin menentukan seedlot yang unggul dan variasi pertumbuhan genetik tanaman uji keturunan S. leprosula dalam plot uji keturunan. Objek yang diteliti adalah tanaman meranti merah dalam plot uji keturunan sebanyak 30 seedlot yang terbagi dalam 8 blok, dimana setiap seedlot sebanyak 4 tanaman. Data yang dikumpulkan terdiri dari diameter (cm), tinggi pohon (m) dan pesentase hidup pohon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam plot uji coba keturunan terdapat 5 seedlot yang unggul pertumbuhannya. Hasil analisis keragaman (varians) terhadap diameter, tinggi dan persentase menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata di antara seedlot yang diuji terhadap sifat yang diukur. Nilai heritabilitas yang tinggi diikuti dengan keragaman genetik yang luas menunjukkan penampilan karakter tersebut lebih ditentukan oleh faktor genetik. Nilai kemajuan genetik diameter sedang (8,6 %) mengindikasikan karakter diameter tersebut didukung oleh faktor genetik, sehingga dapat memfasilitasi kemajuan seleksi.Kata kunci : Uji Keturunan, S. leprosula, unggul, dan variasi genetik.

Opportunities and Challenges for Intensive Silviculture in Alberta, Canada

Intensive silviculture is practiced in many parts of the world but is rare in the public forests of western Canada. Here, we make the argument that intensive silviculture could be justified in Alberta but has not been implemented due to philosophies and policy decisions by foresters from government, industry and academia. These include adherence to long rotations, management goals that are aimed at sustained total volume yield rather than economic value, limitations in the types of stands that are allowed to be regenerated and models that do not include intensive silviculture options. In Mixedwood Growth Model projections, we demonstrate the potential of intensive silviculture that includes combinations of selecting good sites and thinning to produce merchantable stands by age 50 compared to the standard rotation age of 80 with basic silviculture. There could be even more gains if forest level constraints in timber flow were removed due to the increased growth of regenerating stands. Finally, we examine the attitude and policy changes that we believe are necessary for adoption of more intensive silviculture systems on parts of Alberta’s forest landbase.

Wood supply challenges in Alberta – Growing more timber is the only sustainable solution

The industrial wood supply from public lands is at risk in Alberta from natural disturbances and landbase withdrawals while simultaneously being asked to provide for an increasing timber harvest rate. While maintaining the timber landbase is critical, we believe that the only truly sustainable way of increasing wood supply is by growing more wood. Meeting these wood supply goals will require the application of tree improvement and intensive silviculture programs on the best sites to increase timber productivity, reduce rotation lengths, and close timber supply gaps. In this article, we present the main ideas from a recent Canadian Institute of Forestry – Rocky Mountain Section workshop on wood supply in Alberta and provide what we see as the best path forward to meeting our wood supply goals – growing more timber.

Penerapan Teknik Silvikultur Intensif Pada Pengelolaan Hutan Rakyat di Kabupaten Gunungkidul

The people of Gunungkidul have long experience in rehabilitation program. They manage marginal land be productive community forest. While, the quality of timber from community forest is lower than produced by Perhutani. It is caused the community forest has not been applied intensive silviculture technique. This community engagement program aims to: (1) up grade the farmer knowledge about intensive silviculture technique; (2) rise the farmer awareness for importance of applying intensive silviculture technique; (3) build up the farmer skill to apply intensive silviculture technique; (4) motivate the farmer to produce superior teak seedling and organic fertilizer independently. The target group of this program is the farmer group of Ngudi Makmur at Watusigar Village, Ngawen District, Gunungkidul Regency. This program was held on 2015 to 2016. The methods applied in this program are socialization, field study, training, practice, and technical assistance. The results of this program are demonstration plot of superior teak stand, hedge orchard and nursery of superior teak, and organic fertilizer using Trichoderma sp. This program also succesfull for increase of knowledge, awareness, skills and independence of farmer in applying of intensive silviculture technique.

Inventarisasi Serangan Hama Anakan Meranti Merah (Shorea Selanica) di Lokasi CIMTROP Universitas Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah

The success of forest plantation development can not be separated from the provision of good quality seed. Most of the work in the form of forest management activities of protection against pests. In supporting the successful planting of plant species dipterocarp seedlings need to do intensive maintenance at the time in the nursery. Because in the maintenance of seedlings in the nursery is always found pests which can cause harm. Meranti cultivation technique has been known among foresters in forest rehabilitation and plantation establishment. Shorea selanica included in the group of red meranti, has few pests that attack, economically destructive and detrimental. Eradication of pests is one that needs attention because without this effort can lead to failure on principle - the principle that the use of intensive silviculture techniques. Given the very low stands attacked by pests, the pest aspects should be considered because it can make the success of HTI problems if not addressed at an early stage. Maintenance seedling red meranti (Shorea selanica) in nursery plays an important role to support the success of planting in the field. However, in the maintenance of seedlings in the nursery is always found the existence of pests which can cause harm, cause the supply of saplings to be reduced. Symptoms of pest attack begin with perforated leaves wither and dry, then fallen leaves and dead plants.

HIGH DENSITIES OF CERVIDAE EFFECT TO FOREST REGENERATION IN MIXED BROADLEAF FOREST IN SOUTH PART OF LITHUANIA

The abundance of Cervidae species is increasing in Lithuania as well as in thewhole Baltic region. High densities of forest ruminants: Moose (Alces alces), Reddeer (Cervus elaphus), Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow deer (Dama dama)and European bison (Bison bonasus) cause a significant damage both to naturalforest regeneration and afforestation. Strong negative impact on forest regenerationlead to increased costs of forest regeneration, formation and maintenance. Thus, thebalance among intensive silviculture and big game management must be found forsustainable use of environment recourses. In our study, we observed the influenceof cervids density increment to natural forest regeneration in mixed broadleafforest, which is located near the Zuvintas strict reserve, and in landscape point ofview connected with other forest arrays by natural migration corridors. We foundthat natural regenerated forest understory is hardly damaged as well as culturalforest plantations. Thus, hunting pressure in our research area is obviously too lowand the current abundance of wild ruminants will not allow the economicallyeffective intensive silviculture. After investigation we found a steady Cervidaeabundance, not exceeding the highest optimal densities. Cervid winter pasturequality is relatively good – economically and browsing very intensively did noteffect ecologically important tree species regeneration in forest understory.However, damage degree to forest regeneration in our observed stands was veryhigh. Natural as well as artificial forest regeneration is rather difficult, thus cerviddensities should be reduced of expensive protection tools should be implemented inforest regeneration stands.

Evaluation of the profitability of poplar cultivation in Quebec

The intensification of forest management through afforestation of high-yielding species such as hybrid poplar is considered a possible solution for re-establishing Quebec’s forest industry. However, lack of financial data seems to limit the development of poplar cultivation. This paper is a financial analysis of poplar cultivation for private landowners in the province of Quebec and is based on a scale of actual cost and six different silvicultural scenarios. This study showed that poplar cultivation is profitable when subsidized. Using a sensitivity analysis, we identified the main factors defining a window of profitability for this type of intensive silviculture. The two main factors were the price of wood and government grants. The profitability of poplar farming is sensitive to three other secondary factors: cost of transportation, cost of harvesting, and timber yields. Consideration of these factors is crucial in establishing profitable hybrid poplar plantations.