scholarly journals Industrial Production and Investment in Pakistan

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Papanek
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Industrial Growth

Development in Pakistan so far has been largely sustained by a rapidly growing industrial sector. From 1953 to 1960, the index for manufacturing has grown more rapidly in Pakistan than in any other country for which United-Nations statistics are published, except Japan. Admittedly, the reliability of such comparisons is limited and the high rate of Pakistan's industrial growth is partly a function of the low initial level of industrial development—if you start at zero, any increase means an infinite rate. But the United-Nations index starts in the middle 1950's when Pakistan already had a respectable industrial sector and the statistics are sufficiently reliable so one can say with some confidence ' that Pakistan had a rate of industrial growth matched by few countries in the recent past. A reasonably accurate measure of the growth in industrial production and investment in Pakistan is, therefore, of particular importance to economic analysis, policy formulation, or planning. The dynamism of the industrial sector has been due to what is called " large scale industry ". No reasonably reliable information exists on value added in "small scale industry", but various official , and unofficial guesses on its growth rate have ranged from a decline to a 3.5- per-cent annual increase. There would be near-universal agreement that "large scale industry" has grown much more rapidly than "small scale". The Survey, discussed later in this paper, confirms this conclusion. From 1947 to 1959, the value added by firms with assets of less than one million rupees increased only five-fold, while that added by larger firms increased more than fifteen times.

scholarly journals Reply to “Comments on ‘Incorporating the Effects of Moisture into a Dynamical Parameter: Moist Vorticity and Moist Divergence’”

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1405
Author(s):  
Weihong Qian ◽  
Ning Jiang ◽  
Jun Du
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Precipitation Efficiency ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Advection Term ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Mathematical Derivation

Abstract Mathematical derivation, meteorological justification, and comparison to model direct precipitation forecasts are the three main concerns recently raised by Schultz and Spengler about moist divergence (MD) and moist vorticity (MV), which were introduced in earlier work by Qian et al. That previous work demonstrated that MD (MV) can in principle be derived mathematically with a value-added empirical modification. MD (MV) has a solid meteorological basis. It combines ascent motion and high moisture: the two elements necessary for rainfall. However, precipitation efficiency is not considered in MD (MV). Given the omission of an advection term in the mathematical derivation and the lack of precipitation efficiency, MD (MV) might be suitable mainly for heavy rain events with large areal coverage and long duration caused by large-scale quasi-stationary weather systems, but not for local intense heavy rain events caused by small-scale convection. In addition, MD (MV) is not capable of describing precipitation intensity. MD (MV) worked reasonably well in predicting heavy rain locations from short to medium ranges as compared with the ECMWF model precipitation forecasts. MD (MV) was generally worse than (though sometimes similar to) the model heavy rain forecast at shorter ranges (about a week) but became comparable or even better at longer ranges (around 10 days). It should be reiterated that MD (MV) is not intended to be a primary tool for predicting heavy rain areas, especially in the short range, but is a useful parameter for calibrating model heavy precipitation forecasts, as stated in the original paper.

Finance and Industrialization in Italy, 1894–1914

1966 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon. S. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
World War ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Actual Production

My thesis is a study of finance and industrialization in Italy between 1894 and 1914. Alexander Gerschenkron has argued that the years between 1896 and 1908 in Italy were the years of her “big spurt,” basing his analysis largely on an index of industrial production which he prepared for the period 1881-1913. In many cases the value of output was estimated by the value of inputs; in these instances, value added by industry was understated. In a number of instances the data problems were such that the estimates were very crude approximations of actual production. Nevertheless, when these indexes are combined with other available data on Italian industrial development, the years 1894-1914 stand out as the period during which the nation created her industrial base; only the expansion of the post-World War II years exceeded the growth rates achieved during this period.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Development of the Industrial Sector in the Context of Global Transformation of Economic Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 07031
Author(s):  
Maria Klevtsova ◽  
Yulia Vertakova ◽  
Yulia Polozhentseva
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Current State ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
The World ◽  
Stable Growth

Research background: In the modern world the rate of global transformation of economic processes is constantly increasing, while stimulating the growth of industrial production in the countries of the world. The industrial sector plays an important role in achieving stable growth in national wealth indicators, as well as in ensuring national security. Accelerating the pace of industrial development, especially high-tech, contributes to an increase in employment and the transition to a balanced economic development of the country. Purpose of the article: The main purpose of the publication is to study the current state and structural transformations in industry in the world economy, to analyze the level and dynamics of the main indicators of industrial development. Methods: Using statistical analysis of time series and dynamics indicators, the authors have evaluated the development trends of the industrial sector, based on the methods of scientific knowledge, a comparative analysis of the systematic results of development indices characterizing the functioning of industry around the world. Findings & Value added: A statistical analysis of the development of the industrial sector in the context of globalization allows the authors to determine the exact number of enterprises, the costs of the industry and their income, as well as the contribution made to the development of both region and the country as a whole. In this research the authors have considered the main economic indicators of industrial development in the world. The authors have systematized the main measures aimed at the development of the industrial sector.

scholarly journals Importance of the industrial production sector and Serbia's inclusion in global value chains

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 289-305
Author(s):  
Miladin Kovačević ◽  
Katarina Stančić ◽  
Svetlana Jelić
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Investment Efficiency

The share of industrial production in GDP has expressed accelerated decrease for several last decades, while at the same time the sector of services gains an ever-increasing role in the modern society. A general impression is that the process of deindustrialization is an unavoidable global phenomenon. However, the fact that seems to be neglected is that historical observations indicate industrial sector as the pillar of longstanding development and progress, and that its role in overcoming the stages of crisis is of crucial importance, just as showed the episode of COVID-19 pandemic. The modern industrial sector cannot be observed out of the context of international production and trade, which acknowledge and express the final purpose of industrial investments, since they ensure possible overcoming of the national market limits, the achievement of economies of scale in relatively short time, and most importantly - the access to modern technologies. The development of global value chains, i.e. the production fragmentation based on the international division of labour, presents a revolutionary, global phenomenon, which has provided a chance for every country to get included into the process of global industrial production according to its comparative advantages. Serbia takes part in the global value chains owing to its geographic position, respectful human resources/professional staff, infrastructure, and the national openness; however, the implied question is the quality of the participation and what can be done to achieve better results. Can we regard Serbia just as the hub where final products are assembled or there is a considerable value added created in our factories? This paper offers an overview of the subsectors with the highest inclusion in the global value chains, as well as the analysis of their exports, output and gross value added trends, and the parameters of efficiency of investment in the most profitable subsectors. Identifying the areas with low investment efficiency is an important diagnostic tool for decision makers and presents a challenge as regards the adequate allocation of resources leading to increased profitability of investments and exports. Finally, we present the overview of the developments in ICT sector that is recognized as a valuable chance for Serbia, having in mind its increasing share in GDP, and its significance for the forthcoming process of digitalization and Industry 4.0.

scholarly journals AFRICAN ECONOMIC PARADOX: INDUSTRIALIZATION CREATING JOBS AND ADDED VALUE OR ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: WHAT SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP FOR THE LESS ADVANCED AND LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES LIKE BURKINA FASO?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nicolas Carbonell ◽  
Dr. Théophile Bindeouè Nassè ◽  
Dr. Denis Akouwerabou
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The United Nations

The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2016) calls for resources for the implementation of the Action Plan for Accelerated Industrial Development in Africa, and states that: “Industrialization is essential for African countries as a means of increasing income, creating jobs, developing value-added activities and diversifying economies”. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the African Development Bank (AFDB), and the Organization for Cooperation and Economics Development (OCED, 2014, p. 16) explain the benefits to African countries’ participation in Global Value Chains (GVC) to industrialize without having to implement all stages of the chain. They add that the acquisition of new production capacities can allow countries and companies to move upmarket, which is to say to increase their share of value added in a GVC. But the opposite is the case, at least in some countries like Burkina Faso. We are witnessing a “specialization of primary products (cotton and non-monetary gold), to the detriment of manufacturing industry with high potential for multiplier effects on local economies” National Plan for Economic and Social Development of Burkina Faso (PNDES, 2017, p.12). Cusolito and al. (2016) mention that overcoming a series of obstacles (such as bad policies and governance, insufficient technology and skills) is the way to actively participate in GVCs. Yet OPEN it is these same obstacles that have always prevented the industrialization of Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa). The results show that the Global Value Chains (GVC) contribute to the creation of added value in developing countries what has an effect on industrialization

scholarly journals Some Comments on the Cotton Cloth Consumption in Pakistan

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Munawar Iqbal Malik
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Cotton Textiles

From the beginning, the cotton textile industry has been the keystone of Pakis¬tan's industrial development. In both the large scale (more than 1U employees) and the small scale sectors, cotton textiles is the single most important industry in terms of both the value of output and employment. Cotton textiles account for more than 15 percent of all exports and a much higher share of manufactured exports. While the importance of textiles has diminished with the spread of in¬dustrialization to other sectors, the predominance of textiles in manufacturing employment, value added and exports is likely to continue for some time. As Pakistan prepares to launch its Fifth Five-Year plan, it is useful to examine the growth prospects for the cotton textile industry. Having long ago replaced imports of cotton textiles by domestic production, Pakistan must now look to the expansion of foreign market for textiles or at least Pakistan's share in the market-and to the growth of the home market to absorb any planned growth in productive capacity. With the uncertainties in the world market, and especially the current recessionary slump in the developed economies the aftermath of which is likely to be felt for some time, especially in the form of new quantitative restrictions against textile and other manufactured imports coming from developing countries -the future growth in demand for Pakistan's exports is very problematic. Over the decade of the 1960's, textile exports grew in real terms by more than 20 percent per annum. From 1970 to 1974 the trend rate fell to less than 5 percent per annum with considerable fluctuations in the rate of increase from year to year. Of course, there always remains the possibility that Pakistan can expand her share of the foreign market sufficiently to offset any decline in world demand, but the existence of the country-specific quotas on textile products in many of the importing coun¬tries may prove a serious constraint in this regard.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Employment Generation of Small-Scale Industries in Western Nigeria

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-405
Author(s):  
Janet Farooq ◽  
Ghazi M. Farooq ◽  
Aderanti Adepoju
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transitional State ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Small Scale Industries

With meagre capital investment but with, supposedly, higher labour pro¬ductivity than in agriculture, small-scale industries can be an important source of employment as well as a healthy contributor to industrial production in a developing country like Nigeria. A study of the Pakistan-Indian situation has shown that normally the highest employment per unit of capital is found in very small firms (of 20 or less workers). Such firms sometimes have the distinct short-term advantage of both lower capital-labour and capital-output ratios than larger establishments [20]. In fact, if the small-scale industrial sector is encouraged within a favourable economic environment, it can play an important role in economic development at least in the transitional state.

Research on the Regional Low-Carbon Industrial Development: A Case of Tianjin Binhai New Area

2011 ◽  
Vol 219-220 ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ying Cui ◽  
Hui Ming Li ◽  
Lei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Tianjin Binhai New Area

Energy consumption induced by industry sector is the main source of carbon emission. So it is important to the policy making that research on the low-carbon industrial development, which is aiming to establish an industry system with low-carbon character. There are four restrictive factors on low-carbon industrial development in Tianjin Binhai New Area of China: the rather large scale of the secondary industry, the heavy industrial structure which strongly caused the increasing energy consumption, the high-carbon energy structure of industrial sector, and the lower industrial energy efficiency which has certain gap compared with other regions. Several countermeasures are proposed to reduce carbon emission induced by industrial sector, such as improving energy efficiency, optimizing energy structure, establishing multiple-access financing mechanism to encourage R&D on low-carbon technology, enhancing the development of low carbon industry, participating in the international cooperation actively, and making strategic plan of low-carbon industrial development.

The Maoist Legacy and China's New Industrialization Strategy

1989 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 420-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Y. Kueh
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Industrialization ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Any attempt to evaluate China's achievements in industrialization during the past four decades must confront three crucial issues. They are: first, to what extent industrial success was gained at the expense of slower agricultural growth as a result of the Soviet-style, forced industrialization strategy. Secondly, whether in view of the perceived need to narrow the gap between the under-developed interior and the more advanced coastal areas, Chinese leaders have succeeded in correcting regional imbalances in industrial production. Thirdly, whether advances in the modern industrial sector have benefited traditional, small-scale industries. This last question is an important one in the light of the experience of other industrialized countries, highlighting the “spill-over” effects of technical change from modern to traditional sectors.

Pattern of Industrial Growth in West Bengal during 1980–1991

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-88
Author(s):  
Anirban Karak
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Structural Demand ◽  
The Impact

Three trends in industrial development contribute to the industrial history of West Bengal during the 1980–1991 period—the continuation of a secular decline in terms of employment and value added in manufacturing industries vis-à-vis other states, an ancillarization and flexibilization of production into small-scale factories with less than 20 workers, and a differential impact of this ancillarization on basic goods and consumer goods industries, with the former performing much better than the latter. Viewed through the theoretical lens of structural demand and agriculture–industry relations, the relatively slower growth of consumer goods industries poses a puzzle when the spectacular growth of agricultural output during the 1980s is considered. In this article, I suggest that tying together three factors—the impact of the ‘Green Revolution’ on West Bengal’s agriculture, the nature and effect of the Left Front’s land reforms, and the role of rural commercial capital—can in turn hold together three outcomes for the period 1980–1991 in a single explanation—high agricultural growth, mass poverty among the rural poor despite land reforms and agricultural growth, and the poor growth of consumer goods industries despite high agricultural growth.

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