scholarly journals Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting Technology and Women Time Allocation in District Bagh and Battagram Pakistan.

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (4II) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaz Mustafa ◽  
Usman Mustafa ◽  
Mahmood Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
The Impact

Water is essential requirement of life and its accessibility is the basic right of all human beings. Safe drinking water is an essential component of primary health. It plays a vital role in livelihood, food security and sustainable development. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Technology (RRWH) is a best alternative approach to conserve and supply water. Especially, it is crucial in seismically sensitive, geographically uneven, and countryside areas. A large majority of population in Pakistan is living in areas, where access to safe drinking water is very serious issue. In these areas most vulnerable segment of population is women because they are the ones who have to fetch water from far flung areas for their daily consumption. In order to resolve the issue of water in Pakistan, a number of public and private agencies are working in this field. Different approaches, techniques, and practices are being adopted to address this issue. Present study evaluates the impact of RRWH technology with special reference to women time allocation in Bagh and Battagram districts of Pakistan. Analyses were carried out using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique to quantify the results. The results reveal that RRWH technology is viable, time saving, women friendly, and sustainable source of safe drinking water supply, especially in seismically sensitive, geographically uneven, and countryside areas of Pakistan. JEL classification: O13, Q25, Q56, Q58, R28 Keywords: Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting: Safe Drinking Water, Seismically Sensitive, Geographically Uneven, and Countryside: Women, AJK and KP, Pakistan.

scholarly journals Why Do People Remain Attached to Unsafe Drinking Water Options? Quantitative Evidence from Southwestern Bangladesh

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris Loys Naus ◽  
Kennard Burer ◽  
Frank van Laerhoven ◽  
Jasper Griffioen ◽  
Kazi Matin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Better Than

The acceptance of newly implemented, safe drinking water options is not guaranteed. In the Khulna and Satkhira districts, Bangladesh, pond water is pathogen-contaminated, while groundwater from shallow tubewells may be arsenic- or saline-contaminated. This study aims to determine why, as well as the extent to which, people are expected to remain attached to using these unsafe water options, compared to the following four safer drinking water options: deep tubewells, pond sand filters, vendor water, and rainwater harvesting. Through 262 surveys, this study explores whether five explanatory factors (risk, attitude, norms, reliability, and habit) pose barriers to switching from unsafe to safe drinking water options or whether they could act as facilitators of such a switch. Users’ attachment to using pond water is generally low (facilitators: risk and attitude. Barrier: norms). Users are more attached to shallow tubewells (no facilitators. Barriers: reliability and habit). The safe alternatives (deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, pond sand filter, and vendor water) score significantly better than pond water and are estimated to have the potential to be adopted by pond water users. Deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, and pond sand filter also score better than shallow tubewells and could also have the potential to replace them. These findings may be used to optimise implementation strategies for safer drinking water alternatives.

scholarly journals Toward improving household livelihoods using rain water harvesting technologies in Matungulu sub-county, Machakos, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wekesa ◽  
John Muthama ◽  
Jane Mutune
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
County Government ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Household Livelihoods ◽  
The Impact

Better utilization of rainfall through rainwater harvesting can greatly increase agricultural productivity, improve food security and alleviate poverty. Water is the main limiting resource for crop production in arid sub-Saharan Africa. The biggest challenge currently is growing water shortage and dwindling rivers. This has impacted the livelihoods of rural population in arid and semi-arid counties. The introduction of novel rain-water harvesting (RWH) is, however, seeking to mitigate the effects of perennial droughts in arid areas. Successful adoption of such technologies has the potential to alleviate water problems faced by rural households. In Kenya, very little research has been conducted about adoption of water harvesting technologies and their role in curbing water shortages. Therefore, there was a need to interrogate the extent to which adoption of water harvesting technologies has impacted households in Matungulu Sub-County. Focus group discussions, interview with key informants, and structured questionnaires were used to collect data for the study which were then analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. The findings indicated that overall, a composite mean of 4.04 and a standard deviation of 0.699 of the respondents agreed that incentives from the county government significantly promoted water harvesting technologies. This was confirmed by a positively strong and significant correlation between the integration of RHT in the county development agenda and the impact on household livelihoods. A further regression analysis indicated that Integration of RHT had a positive and significant influence on household livelihoods (β= 0.755, t=22.351, p=0.000<0.05). Results of this survey indicate that rainwater technologies are financed mostly by household heads and county government initiatives have not been adequately felt. There is a strong indication from the study that water harvesting technologies had a statistically significant influence on the impact on household livelihoods. To ensure sustainability of rainwater harvesting technologies, the study recommends that Machakos

scholarly journals The Effect of In-Field Rain Water Harvesting on Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Biomass and Yield

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
S. M. Laurie ◽  
N. Nhlabatsi ◽  
H. M. Ngobeni ◽  
S. S. Tjale
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato

Water scarcity affects both food security and human nutrition. In-field rain water harvesting (IRWH) combines the advantages of rainwater harvesting, no-till, basin tillage and mulching on high drought risk clay soils. In this study, the IRWH system was customized to fit the cropping system of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP). Field trials were conducted over two seasons to compare cultivation of OFSP using IRWH versus conventional tillage (CON). Data collection included plant survival, root initiation, marketable root yield, unmarketable root yield classes and biomass. Planting OFSP using the IRWH system resulted in significantly higher total biomass, higher marketable and total root yield per plant, as well as larger number of roots per plant compared to CON. Despite the relatively higher yield, total production (t/ha) was only significantly higher in season two at 4.6 t/ha vs 2.7 t/ha for CON. Subsistence farmers and households in semi-arid areas may grow small plots of orange-fleshed sweet potato in IRWH opposed to only growing maize and in that way add vitamin A to the diet. This is the first study on the application of IRWH to produce OFSP under rainfed conditions, and more research can be conducted to expand the knowledge on application and benefits of IRWH for OFSP production.

The Application of Rain Water Harvesting Method on a Low Income Flat in Cengkareng, Jakarta

2015 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 317-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosica Mariana ◽  
Junius Ngadinata ◽  
Renhata Katili ◽  
Religiana Hendarti
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Harvesting Method ◽  
Alternative Water

This paper presents a study of the application of the theory of rainwater harvesting for a low income flat in West Jakarta. The background of this study is that Jakarta as a capital city of Indonesia is actually experiencing water crisis because of the rapid population growth and the building construction. This rapid development in consequence affects a reduction on the ground water supply. Therefore, this study analyse the amount of rain water that can be an alternative water supply particularly for a low income flat. This study focused on the water supply for the flushing toilet. To accommodate that objective, a brief calculation of water catchment area and the amount of water that can be harvested has been conducted. The results showed that in general the water supplied by the rain water harvesting can provided 100% annually, but since the precipitation in August is relatively low, in consequence, the water suply should be provided by the local government water company (PDAM).

scholarly journals Assessing Land Suitability for Rainwater Harvesting Using Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of Njoro Catchment, Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Maina ◽  
J. M. Raude
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Land Suitability ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Geospatial Techniques ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Ground Water Recharge

Water demand increases as population increases leading to overexploitation of water resource. Consequently, there is need for improved water resources management complemented with rain water harvesting within the catchments. This study sought to assess land suitability for surface runoff harvesting using geospatial techniques. Land use/land cover maps of the area were derived from Landsat image. Land use and soils data were used in generating curve number map of the catchment. Lineaments greatly affect the storage depending on whether runoff is for surface storage or ground water recharge purposes. As a result, ArcGIS was used in delineating the lineaments from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the catchment. Further, using weighted overlay the catchment was grouped into categories of restricted, not suitable, moderately suitable, suitable, or highly suitable. The study found that forest, agriculture, and built-up areas occupied about 39.42%, 36.32%, and 1.35% of catchment area, respectively. A large part of catchment was found to have curve number range of 82–89. About 50% of the catchment was found to fall within suitable and highly suitable categories. This implied that a great potential exists for rain water harvesting within the catchment.

scholarly journals Rain Water Harvesting for Food and Livelihood Security: A case study from Pali, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 767-777
Author(s):  
D. Singh ◽  
M. K. Choudhary ◽  
M. L. Meena ◽  
Chandan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Role Model ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Arid Zone Research

AbstractArid zones are characterized by high evaporation, low and uneven rainfall, undulated topography, presence of salt layers at shallow depth in the soil and poor-quality ground water. Under these conditions an innovative farmer in the district of Pali in the state of Rajasthan, India explored options for farm diversification under hot-arid conditions at his farm. His motivation brought him to the ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) where he was trained in various basic aspects of rain water harvesting. KVK, Pali studied the methods and innovative ideas utilized by the farmers and the subsequent gain in yield and income by adoption of rainwater harvesting at his farm on a yearly basis. Initially he constructed a small rainwater harvesting structure by which he was able to store substantial quantities of water for longer duration. As a result of constant motivation, he constructed a concrete rainwater storage structure (40M x 40M x 3.5M) and explored further options to increase production at his farm. Also, development of goat farming, intercropping, raising fodder crops and grasses, and developing a fishery, all from the gains of water harvested from rains, gave him confidence and added to the prosperity of his farm. Presently, on farm productive activities, family labour mobilization and diversification provide him with a stable income. This experiential learning also led to new knowledge emerging from interactions among a hitherto powerful scientific hierarchy and served as role model for other farmers’ adoption of innovative techniques.

scholarly journals Mitigation of Water Crisis and Growing Crops in Lean Period by Rainwater Harvesting Through Concreted Rooftops and Household Ponds in Sagar Island

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anadi Gayen ◽  
A Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Sagar Island ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Peak Summer

Groundwater occurring in the shallow aquifers is highly saline and is not suitable for drinking. Fresh potable ground water is occurring at great depth (245–325 m bgl). Occurrence of fresh ground water at deeper aquifers restricts large scale groundwater development, because it is beyond the economic capacity of common people. Source of drinking water is mainly Government owned hand pump fitted tube wells. Approximately per 70 households only one such tube well has been allocated. Many of these tube wells are yielding very less quantity of water during peak summer. Hence, the island is suffering from potable water scarcity especially during summer for around 4-5 months. Water supply is available in very few villages. Almost all the households are having one or two ponds. Most of the ponds are dried up during summer. Therefore, people in the island are facing water shortage round the year. The island receives very good precipitation (1900 mm) during monsoon. Major quantum of rainfall is lost as surface run-off to the sea or rivers. If this rain water run-off can be arrested and stored, island may be developed in many ways. There is a vast scope of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) in Sagar Island. Water conservation can help to minimize the huge monsoon run-off. Roof top rain water harvesting can solve the drinking and domestic needs of the people of Sagar Island. In this context, harvesting and conservation of roof top rainwater during monsoon in storage tanks and ponds were explored, so that the same can be utilized in the lean periods. Present study has aimed to understand total amount of water may likely to be available from the concrete roofs of different existing buildings like public offices, schools, guest houses and individual houses as well as household ponds. At present, total water requirement of Sagar island in peak summer (4-5 months) for drinking and domestic uses is around 1589947.50 cu. m. Total amount of rain water be conserved through small household ponds (12418) and concrete roof tops (3194) is 3692853 cu. m. of which ponds contribute 3588976 cu. m. water and concrete roof tops used to contribute 10,38,77 cu. m. water. Thus, this conserved rain water could able to benefit in catering 492380 people (i.e., more than double of present population) of Sagar Island for five months in peak summer for drinking and domestic uses.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rain Water Harvesting Systems for coping water shortage in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, North West Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amare Tsige genet ◽  
Ataklite Abebe ◽  
Dires Tewabe ◽  
Alebachew Enyew
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Storage Efficiency ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
North West ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Blue Nile Basin ◽  
Irrigation Supply ◽  
North West Ethiopia

Abstract Background The applicability of rainwater harvesting structure is very poor while the intended purpose is achievable in the Blue Nile basin. Therefore, this research was initiated to evaluate the performance of a rainwater harvesting structure and put possible strategies for dry season challenges. The study carried out for three years in the North West Ethiopia. Methods The data were analyzed using daily water balance model and other performance indicators (number of water day, relative irrigation supply, runoff storage efficiency and marginal rate of return). Results At the inception, it was established that the existing rain water harvesting system performs very low, runoff storage efficiency below 46%, no zero water day above 50%, relative irrigation supply below 27 % and marginal rate of return from 12 to 65%. However the greater the volume of the rain water harvesting structure the higher runoff storage efficiency, higher relative irrigation supply, and lower no water day under different irrigation technique was achieved. Conclusions For attaining household irrigation water demand in the dry season, the user should adopt storage capacity of 630m3 in Nitisol and 361m3 in Vertisol for double cropping and 273 m3 in Rigosol for supplemental irrigation. Hence, applying rainwater harvesting technologies with efficient water management technique enhance the net benefit of the system.

scholarly journals Assessment of knowledge and perception of rain water harvesting among rural population of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2486
Author(s):  
Pragadeesh Raja V. ◽  
Muthukumar T. ◽  
Kalaivani A.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
The Government

Background: Water is a fundamental need for human being, animals and plants to live in the world for drinking and sanitation purpose. The main source of water is rain, and surface water also originates from rain only rain water harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rain water in surface (or above the ground natural or man-made structures) or in under-ground aquifers (the under-ground water table), before it is lost as surface run-off. Objective of the study was to assess the awareness and the perception about rain water harvesting in rural population of Tamil Nadu.Methods: A community based cross sectional Study conducted among population of residence, Sembakkam, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. The study duration from June 2019 to July 2019. Data collected through semi structured questionnaire from participants. Data collected was entered in Microsoft (MS) office excel and analyzed in statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 21.Results: In the education status of study population, 75.5% (151) are literate and followed by 24.5% (49) were illiterate. In socioeconomic status most of them from class IV, 36.5% (73) and class III, 33% (66). 90.5% (181) are not have rainwater harvesting their houses, most of them 50.5% are answered financial issues to construct the rainwater harvesting followed by 21.5% they don’t know where to approach.Conclusions: An increasing number of population will soon increase the demand for water consumption. Rainwater harvesting which offers a lot of benefits not just for the users, but also to the government and environment, is a suitable alternative that could minimize the anticipated water supply crisis.

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