scholarly journals Some Comments and Reflections on "Planning Experience in Pakistan"

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374
Author(s):  
A. K. M. Ghulam Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Macro Model ◽  
Complete Formulation ◽  
Consistency Model ◽  
Planning Technique ◽  
Fourth Plan ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Made In ◽  
Future Plans

Dr. Huda has earned our gratitude by elaborating in lucid terms the problems and experiences of planning in Pakistan [1]. As we approach the Fourth Plan we need to have a fresh look at past experiences so as to formulate the future plans in a much more realistic fashion than has hitherto been done. Dr. Huda, in his Address, has raised many issues in this respect. My comments will be limited to the planning technique that has so far been pursued in Pakistan. My concern is basically regarding the changes, that we would like to see, made in the coming plan in this respect. At the technical level, the formulation of a five-year plan has now be¬come synonymous with working out a multisectoral econometric (consistency) model, which provides the basic framework around which the plan is built. However, setting up a macro-model is only a part of the plan formulation. A comprehensive model which purports simply to develop and test the con¬sistency and optimality of an economic strategy is, at best, partially relevent to planning needs [5]. In fact, complete formulation of a five-year plan involves the following six categories of interrelated studies — the strength and realism of a plan depends on how satisfactorily these works are accomplished while a plan is formulated:

scholarly journals Identification of duration construction of combined foundation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iakov Pronozin ◽  
Denis Volosiuk
Keyword(s):  
Labor Costs ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Actual Duration ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Time Standards ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Sufficient Precision ◽  
Made In

The method for determining the duration of a combined foundation device, which is constructed in several stages, is considered in the article. The main stages include the construction of structures and the regulation of the stress-strain state of the soil base, which is carried out by pressing it. Pressurization is carried out during the construction of the building. On an example of construction of the linear schedule the mutual coordination of works of each stage during building of a building is resulted. The possibility of varying the time parameters of the network model is presented depending on the parameters of the crimping process. Between the late and early beginnings of work there is a common time reserve, which is part of the technological break. The authors present empirical data on the actual duration of concreting of grillage of combined foundations. The study of time parameters of technological processes was based on such methods of observation as timekeeping, photo-timing and video and photo-fixation. The measurements were carried out during the construction of the residential complex «Neighbors» in Tyumen. The scope of research included the study of labor costs of the team, consisting of seven concrete workers. The investigated technological process of concreting consistently included the reception and direction of the concrete mix, laying, leveling and compacting the mixture, smoothing and smoothing the grillage surface. Based on the data obtained, the dependencies of the average duration of concrete work on the volume of the concrete mix laid in the cells (shells) are revealed. The comparison of work durations on both foundations is made. Actual work is determined and work time standards are established, allowing to organize concrete works with sufficient precision when drawing up calendar plans within the framework of working out of projects for the production of works. This article is made in the framework of the dissertation research by co-author Volosiuk D.V.

Some Thoughts on the Advertising Process

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bent Stidsen
Keyword(s):  
Advertising Effectiveness ◽  
Advertising Research ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Marketing Concept ◽  
Made In

The marketing concept has important consequences for advertising research and for judging advertising effectiveness. An attempt is made in this article to show the possibility of several complementary conceptions of the advertising process. Since these complementary conceptions do not logically derive from each other, they do not necessarily result in mutually consistent conclusions. Consequently, a comprehensive model of the advertising process consistent with the marketing concept would appear to be both multidimensional and multivalued.

Politics and Policies for Managing Natural Hazards

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob A. DeLeo ◽  
Kristin Taylor ◽  
Timothy Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Broad Policy ◽  
Made In

Policies to manage natural hazards are made in a political context that has three important characteristics: local preferences and national priorities, short-sighted political decision-making, and policy choices informed by experience instead of future expectations. National governments can set broad policy priorities for natural hazard management, but it is often local governments, with conflicting policy priorities and distinctive hazard profiles, that have the authority to implement. Moreover, legislators who are tasked with passing laws to put policies into force are rewarded with reelection by voters who are only concerned with issues that have an immediate impact on their day-to-day lives (e.g., the economy) as opposed to hazards that may or may not occur until some undetermined point in the future. Finally, legislators themselves face challenges making policies to mitigate and manage hazards because they fail to see the longer-term risks and instead make decisions based on past experiences. This article broadly lays out the challenges of the policy environment for natural hazards, including intergovernmental concerns, policy myopia, and shifting policy priorities. It also describes the politics shaping the management of natural hazards, namely, electoral politics, the social dynamics of blame assignment, and the various political benefits associated with disaster relief spending.

Mathematical Model of Forecasting the Formation of Sinkhole Using Salustowicz’s Theory / Model Matematyczny Prognozowania Zapadlisk Przy Wykorzystaniu Teorii Sklepienia Ciśnień Sałustowicza

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Strzałkowski
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Made In

Abstract In area affected by old, shallow extraction in some cases sinkholes are formed, causing security issues in urbanized areas. Problem of working out deterministic forecast of this threat seems to be important and up-to-date. Mathematical model presented in this work let us predict the possibility of sinkhole formation. That prediction is essential for analyzing possibility of investments in such areas. Basing on presented work, it is also possible to determine dimensions of sinkhole. Considerations are based on known from literature Sałustowicz’s theory, which is utilises Huber’s solution of equation describing the stress state around elliptic void made in flat plate

scholarly journals Veterans and Grannies. The Polyphony of Memory in Two Hungarian Documentary Films

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Réka Sárközy
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
The Past ◽  
Socialist System ◽  
Memory Work ◽  
Working Out ◽  
State Socialist ◽  
Made In

Abstract The essay analyses the representation of polyphonic memory in two groundbreaking Hungarian documentary films, made thirty years apart: János and Gyula Gulyás’s I was at the Isonzo, too (Én is jártam Isonzónál, 1984–87) and Bálint Révész’s Granny Project (Nagyi projekt, 2017). The earlier film was made in the 1980s, under the state-socialist system, when doing memory work of both World Wars was limited, if not forbidden. The second film was made recently, in 2017. They differ from each other in many ways, but instinctively they chose the same solution for representing and working out traumas: through transnational dialogue. They focus on traumatic experiences of the past, changing national, so-called monologic memory into a broad perspective, putting Aleida Assmann’s (2005) theory of dialogic memory into practice.1

Sources of Bias in Memory for Emotions

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Levine ◽  
Martin A. Safer
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Emotional Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Future Plans

How accurately can people remember how they felt in the past? Although some investigators hold that emotional memories are resistant to change, we review evidence that current emotions, appraisals, and coping efforts, as well as personality traits, are all associated with bias in recalling past emotions. Bias occurs as memories of emotional states are updated in light of subsequent experience and goals. Biased memories in turn influence future plans and emotions, and may contribute to the formation of enduring personality traits. People's memories for emotions provide highly condensed and accessible summaries of the relevance of past experiences to current goals.

The transverse growth theory of plant torsions

1962 ◽  
Vol 156 (963) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Made In

Further evidence is offered in support of a transverse growth theory of the strophisms, or torsions made in response to stimulation, in growing dorsiventral organs, and also of the experimental auxin torsions of radial stems. The theory is a modification of a theory pro­posed by Rawitscher (1932). Seedlings of Phaseolus multiflorus were arranged with leaves horizontal and on edge, so that their petioles were stimulated transversely by gravity, but the petioles were prevented from twisting by being held in constraint for various periods up to 48 h. Then they were cut across at the distal end, and split in a longitudinal vertical plane right through to the cut end. The halves always twisted rapidly in opposite directions, so as to separate their lower edges. When the halves were bound closely together again, the whole reconstituted zone was found to be twisted in the direction determined by the stimulation in constraint. Also petioles were arranged similarly horizontal and on edge, but not in con­straint, and when they had begun to twist, they were split in the previously vertical plane, but the distal ends were left intact to keep the halves together. The halves regularly gaped apart at once along their lower, but not their upper edges. An experiment similar to the last was performed on young stems also, that were laid horizontal and auxinated on one side so that they twisted in the direction to raise that side. The result was similar, but not conclusive, for a reason stated. Taken together the results support the theory, according to which in an organ stimulated as for a geostrophism or for a geo-auxin torsion, the lateral halves begin to curve upwards in the transverse direction. In doing so they develop opposite twisting forces, and the dorsal half, or the auxinated half, prevails and so makes the whole organ twist. The problem of working out the theory more exactly is discussed, and various other points also.

scholarly journals Reciprocal contraction of antagonistic muscles in peripheral preparations, using flashing neon-lamp circuit for excitation of nerve

1929 ◽  
Vol 105 (737) ◽  
pp. 259-279 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Secondary Coil ◽  
Muscle Preparation ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Neon Lamp ◽  
Nerve Muscle ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Antagonistic Muscles ◽  
Minimal Stimulation ◽  
Made In

In a previous communication by one of us (G. B. (1)) it was shown that graded contractions and relaxations of natural form can be obtained in the diaphragm and in skeletal nerve muscle preparation by manipulating a faradic induction apparatus in a special manner. Briefly, this manipulation consists in imparting a smooth to-and-fro movement to the secondary coil of the apparatus, the movement taking place between the points of just maximal and just minimal stimulation. These to-and-fro movements cause certain changes of amplitude in the stimulating current, and the various patterns thus produced are faithfully repeated in the contractions of the experimental muscle, provided the changes are kept within the above-mentioned limiting points. An attempt has been made in the present research to obtain reciprocal contraction of antagonistic muscles by an extension of the above method. In the working-out of the new method of excitation, and in its application to double nerve-muscle preparations, the physiological experiments have been done by one of us (G. B.) and the physical by the other (W. L.).

The skin mycobiome of an astronaut during a 1-year stay on the International Space Station

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
Takashi Sugita ◽  
Takashi Yamazaki ◽  
Otomi Cho ◽  
Satoshi Furukawa ◽  
Chiaki Mukai
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Candida Boidinii ◽  
Space Travel ◽  
International Space ◽  
Extended Space ◽  
Malassezia Restricta ◽  
Made In ◽  
Future Plans

Abstract Analysis of the skin mycobiome of an astronaut during a 1-year stay on the International Space Station (ISS) revealed an increased relative abundance of Malassezia restricta and level of Malassezia colonization, and the presence of Cyberlindnera jadinii and Candida boidinii, uncommon skin mycobiome taxa. Similar observations were made in astronauts during a 6-month stay on the ISS (Med Mycol. 2016; 54: 232–239). Future plans for extended space travel should consider the effect of high levels of Malassezia colonization over long periods on astronauts’ skin, and the abnormal proliferation of uncommon microorganisms that may occur in closed environments such as the ISS.

scholarly journals ON SOME DIPTERA BRED FROM COW-MANURE

1901 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. O. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Made In ◽  
General Appearance

In the summer of 1889, while engaged in an investigation of the habits and life-history of the horn fly of cattle (Haematobia serrata), the writer at various times brought to Washington from different points in Virginia, large quantities of cow-manure collected in the field, and eventually succeeded in working out the complete life-history of the horn fly, as displayed in Insect Life, Vol. II., No.4, October, 1889. In this article the statement is made, in concluding, that the observations were greatly hindered and rendered difficult by the fact that fresh cow-dung is the nidus for a number of species of Diptera, some about the same size and general appearance as the horn fly, and that no less than twenty distinct species of flies had been reared from horse- and cow-dung, mainly the latter, and six species of parasitic insects as well.

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