scholarly journals Tick-borne Diseases, Transmission, Host Immune Responses, Diagnosis and Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Yadav ◽  
Ravi Kant Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
And Control

Present review article explains tick-borne diseases, transmission, host immune responses, diagnosis and control in relation to climatic variations. Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which suck large volumes of blood from livestock and humans. They release large numbers of protozoans, bacteria, rickettsia and viral pathogens during blood feeding and transmit disease pathogens through saliva. Due to heavy blood sucking by ticks animals face significant blood and weight loss that affect their overall health. Due to more severe illness, high economic losses were noted in livestock. This article highlights medically important tick borne diseases in man and livestock, its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment methods. The present article emphasizes invasion of hosts, host-pathogen interactions, tick saliva toxin induced host immune responses and biological effects. This article highlighted various tick control methods i.e. physical killing, acaricidal, biological, hormonal, genetic and immunological methods such as administration of protective antibody and vaccines for disease control in human being and his livestock. The authors suggest non-chemical environmentally safe methods for successful control of tick borne diseases to kill cattle, bird and canine invading ticks.

scholarly journals TICK SALIVA TOXINS, HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES AND ITS BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
NIDHI YADAV ◽  
RAVI KANT UPADHYAY
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Wide Range

Ticks are the most important ancient group of obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrates mainly of livestock. These small-sized animals are found in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. These act as vectors and transmit a wide range of protozoa, bacteria and viruses tick-borne diseases. These attach to host skin for blood-sucking and transmit disease pathogens through saliva. Ticks withdraw large volumes of blood from livestock and make them anemic and do significant weight loss. Ticks cause severe economic losses in livestock directly through blood-feeding and indirectly by transmitting protozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases This article highlights toxins/proteins secreted in tick saliva, and its important biological effects like anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant peptide, and immunomodulatory and anti-chemokine activities. The present article clears host-pathogen interactions and invasion of a host by ticks, biological effects of tick saliva toxins and its host immune responses. These toxins could be used as immunoreactive proteins as a prerequisite for the development of specific and sensitive immunoassays for the determination of tick-borne illness. The authors suggest important management strategies for successful control of cattle, bird and canine ticks. This article also suggests tick control methods such as physical, chemical, hormonal and including prophylactic use of antibody and vaccine immune therapy.

scholarly journals Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Honglei Wang ◽  
Yangyang Xu ◽  
Wenhai Feng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.

scholarly journals ERAP1 and PDE8A Are Downregulated in Cattle Protected against Bovine Tuberculosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Carlos Blanco ◽  
Marcelo Abel Soria ◽  
Laura Inés Klepp ◽  
Fabiana Bigi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Host Immune Responses

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> that is responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. In spite of its relevance, the limited knowledge about the host immune responses that provide effective protection against the disease has long hampered the development of an effective vaccine. The identification of host proteins with an expression that correlates with protection against bTB would contribute to the understanding of the cattle defence mechanisms against <i>M. bovis</i> infection. In this study, we found that <i>ERAP1</i> and <i>PDE8A</i> were downregulated in vaccinated cattle that were protected from experimental <i>M. bovis</i> challenge. Remarkably, both genes encode proteins that have been negatively associated with immune protection against bTB.

scholarly journals Pharmacological action of tick saliva upon haemostasis and the neutralization ability of sera from repeatedly infested hosts

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
pp. 1339-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. RECK ◽  
M. BERGER ◽  
F. S. MARKS ◽  
R. B. ZINGALI ◽  
C. W. CANAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
First Time ◽  
Neutralization Ability

SUMMARYTicks are blood-feeding arthropods widely distributed in the world and vectors of several diseases. As haematophagy demands evasion strategies and repeatedly infested hosts develop protective immune responses, we investigated the mechanisms of theRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplussaliva anti-haemostatic activity and the possible relationship between the acquired natural anti-tick host resistance and anti-haemostatic action. For this purpose, we studied the effects ofR. microplussaliva on different pathways of haemostasis and tested whether repeated infested bovine sera (RIBS) are able to abolish salivary anti-haemostatic activities.R. microplussaliva (i) displays inhibitory activity upon collagen-induced platelet aggregation; (ii) inhibits the induction of endothelial pro-coagulant state; and (iii) reduces thrombogenesisin vivo. RIBS were shown to be able to partially block the delay of coagulation and the anti-thrombotic effect of saliva, and to totally abolish the modulation of endothelium activation. Conversely, RIBS has no effect on the inhibition of platelet aggregation. These results show, for the first time, the neutralization ability of sera from acquired resistance hosts against tick anti-haemostatics. Moreover, this is the first report of a haematophagous parasite able to modulate endothelial cell pro-coagulant state, and addresses the presence of anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic activity inR. microplussaliva.

scholarly journals Modeling the Ruminant Placenta-Pathogen Interactions in Apicomplexan Parasites: Current and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Pastor-Fernández ◽  
Esther Collantes-Fernández ◽  
Laura Jiménez-Pelayo ◽  
Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora ◽  
Pilar Horcajo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Partial View ◽  
And Function

Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii are one of the main concerns of the livestock sector as they cause important economic losses in ruminants due to the reproductive failure. It is well-known that the interaction of these parasites with the placenta determines the course of infection, leading to fetal death or parasite transmission to the offspring. However, to advance the development of effective vaccines and treatments, there are still important gaps on knowledge on the placental host-parasite interactions that need to be addressed. Ruminant animal models are still an indispensable tool for providing a global view of the pathogenesis, lesions, and immune responses, but their utilization embraces important economic and ethics restrictions. Alternative in vitro systems based on caruncular and trophoblast cells, the key cellular components of placentomes, have emerged in the last years, but their use can only offer a partial view of the processes triggered after infection as they cannot mimic the complex placental architecture and neglect the activity of resident immune cells. These drawbacks could be solved using placental explants, broadly employed in human medicine, and able to preserve its cellular architecture and function. Despite the availability of such materials is constrained by their short shelf-life, the development of adequate cryopreservation protocols could expand their use for research purposes. Herein, we review and discuss existing (and potential) in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo ruminant placental models that have proven useful to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms and the host immune responses responsible for fetal death (or protection) caused by neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Antagonizes JAK/STAT3 Signaling via nsp5, Which Induces STAT3 Degradation

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Yang ◽  
Rong Wang ◽  
Zexu Ma ◽  
Yueqiang Xiao ◽  
Yuchen Nan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Stat3 Signaling ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a pleiotropic signaling mediator of many cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10. STAT3 is known to play critical roles in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, immunity and inflammatory responses. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection on the STAT3 signaling since PRRSV induces a weak protective immune response in host animals. We report here that PRRSV infection of MARC-145 cells and primary porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages led to significant reduction of STAT3 protein level. Several strains of both PRRSV type 1 and type 2 led to a similar reduction of STAT3 protein level but had a minimal effect on its transcripts. The PRRSV-mediated STAT3 reduction was in a dose-dependent manner as the STAT3 level decreased, along with incremental amounts of PRRSV inocula. Further study showed that nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) of PRRSV induced the STAT3 degradation by increasing its polyubiquitination level and shortening its half-life from 24 h to ∼3.5 h. The C-terminal domain of nsp5 was shown to be required for the STAT3 degradation. Moreover, the STAT3 signaling in the cells transfected with nsp5 plasmid was significantly inhibited. These results indicate that PRRSV antagonizes the STAT3 signaling by accelerating STAT3 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. This study provides insight into the PRRSV interference with the JAK/STAT3 signaling, leading to perturbation of the host innate and adaptive immune responses. IMPORTANCE The typical features of immune responses in PRRSV-infected pigs are delayed onset and low levels of virus neutralizing antibodies, as well as weak cell-mediated immunity. Lymphocyte development and differentiation rely on cytokines, many of which signal through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway to exert their biological effects. Here, we discovered that PRRSV antagonizes the JAK/STAT3 signaling by inducing degradation of STAT3, a master transcription activator involved in multiple cellular processes and the host immune responses. The nsp5 protein of PRRSV is responsible for the accelerated STAT3 degradation. The PRRSV-mediated antagonizing STAT3 could lead to suppression of a broad spectrum of cytokines and growth factors to allow virus replication and spread in host animals. This may be one of the reasons for the PRRSV interference with the innate immunity and its poor elicitation of protective immunity. This finding provides insight into PRRSV pathogenesis and its interference with the host immune responses.

Tick immunobiology

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (S1) ◽  
pp. S161-S176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BROSSARD ◽  
S. K. WIKEL
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Defenses ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Immune Defences

Ticks are of vast medical and veterinary public health importance due to direct damage caused by feeding and their roles in transmitting well known and emerging infectious agents. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens stimulate the immune system of the host. Those immune interactions are of importance in tick biology, pathogen transmission and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Both innate and specific acquired immune defenses are involved in the responses of vertebrate hosts to infestation. Ticks have evolved countermeasures to circumvent host immune defenses. This review addresses the immunobiology of the tick–host interface from the perspectives of the pharmacology of tick saliva; relationship of tick saliva to pathogen transmission; host immune responses to infestation; tick modulation of host immune defences; and genomic/proteomic strategies for studying tick salivary gland molecules.

Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha ◽  
Rishikesh Thakre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transparent Liquid

Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic antibodies () will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new in Indian population.

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