Prevalence of Diarrhoeal Diseases among Under-Five Paediatric Patients in a Tertiary Health Care Facility, South Eastern Nigeria: A 5-Year Review

Background: Diarrhoeal disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in developing countries. Although Nigeria has already achieved remarkable progress in reducing under-five mortality in the last decades, studies done in different parts of Nigeria had shown that diarrhoea is still a major public health problem. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of diarrhoea in under-five children who presented to Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Neni through the period of January 2016 - December 2020, a 5-year review. It is also aimed at noting the influence of other socio demographic factors such as age, sex and seasonal variation on the occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases. Methods: A retrospective study design was used as patients’ records were obtained from the medical records for the said duration of study and a pro forma was used in extracting needed information. Results: A total of 128 cases of diarrhoeal disease were recorded out of the 897 under-five aged children that visited the hospital at the said period of study. Thus with a prevalence of 14.27%. Higher number of cases were recorded in the dry season 96 (75.0%) than the wet season; 32 (25.0%) cases. More males were affected; 78(60.1%) than females;50 (39.1%). Children aged 0-11 months were affected more; 62 (48.4%) followed by those within the age bracket of 12-23 months 32(25.0%) with those within the ages 48-59months having the least number of cases; 8 (6.3%). Conclusions: From the study it was concluded that diarrhoea occurs more in the dry season in this region than in the wet season. It was also concluded that the general risk of diarrhoeal disease decreases with increasing age in children and toddlers are the most at risk group of suffering the disease.

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Study of diarrheal disease among under five children in a rural community: telephone based follow up study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192317 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 2533

Author(s):

Vishesh R. Lohakpure ◽

Vinod L. Vedpathak

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

World Population ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Under Five ◽

Breast Feed ◽

Diarrhoeal Diseases ◽

Children Under 5

Background: Acute diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries and a major contribution of malnutrition especially among infants and children under 5 years of age. Approximately two-thirds of the world population live in the developing countries characterized by a lack of potable drinking water, improper means of disposal of human faecal waste, intense crowding in houses and often primitive standards of personal hygiene. In India, diarrhoeal diseases are a major public health problem among children under 5 years. The objective of the study was to estimate number of episodes of diarrhoea in children under five years in a rural area.Methods: Community based longitudinal study conducted among 622 children.Results: The overall incidence of diarrhoeal disease was found to be 2.11 episode/child/year. It was observed that the diarrhoeal disease morbidity decreased with the increasing age of the child. Diarrhoeal disease morbidity increased in children from lower socioeconomic status 2.32 episodes/child/year.Conclusions: The lower incidence rate has been found in those children who were better nourished, had received immunization and had been breast fed. Hence there is a need to make efforts to still further improve and sustain immunization coverage, give importance to the nutrition of the children, encourage the mothers to breast feed their children for at least 2 years.

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Socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with diarrhoeal disease among children under five in India

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09981-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pintu Paul

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Past

Abstract Background Globally, diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death in children under five and a major public health problem. Despite several health care initiatives taken by the government, a large proportion of children still experience diarrhoeal diseases which cause high childhood death in India. This study aims to examine the socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with diarrhoea in children under five in India. Methods A cross-sectional study was designed using secondary data from the recent round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), conducted in 2015–16. A total of 247,743 living children below 5 years of age were included in the analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were carried out to assess the factors associated with childhood diarrhoeal disease. Results In India, about 9% of under-five children experience diarrhoeal disease in the past 2 weeks preceding the survey. Children living in rural areas (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09), children belonged to scheduled tribe (aOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.89) and other castes (aOR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97), Muslim children (aOR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.24), and children resided in the central (aOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.52, 1.70) and west (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15) regions were significantly associated with higher likelihood of diarrhoea in the past 2 weeks. Concerning environmental factors, child stool disposal (aOR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.09), floor materials (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) and roof materials (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) of the household were found to be significant predictors of childhood diarrhoea occurrence. Conclusions Diarrhoeal disease is common among children who lived in rural areas, scheduled castes, Muslims, and children from poor families. Regarding environmental factors, stool disposal practices in the household, dirt floor, and thatch roof materials of the household unit are risk factors for diarrhoeal disease. Targeted approach should be initiated to mitigate the problem of the poor health status of children by providing adequate health care. The policy-makers and stakeholders should address adverse environmental conditions by the provision of latrine and improved housing facilities.

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Socio-demographic and environmental factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in India

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22229/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pintu Paul

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Health Problem ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children

Abstract Background Globally, diarrhoea is a second leading cause of deaths among under-five children and is a major public health problem. Despite several health care initiatives, a large proportion of under-five children are still experienced diarrhoeal diseases causes high mortality in India. This study aims to examine the socio-demographic and environmental factors of diarrhoea among children under-five in India.Methods A cross-sectional study was designed using the recent round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), conducted in 2015-16. A total of living children below 5 years of age were utilized for the analysis of this study. Bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression were carried out to investigate the factors of childhood diarrhoea.Results In India, about 9% under-five children experience diarrhoeal disease in the past 2 weeks. Children from rural areas (AOR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09), Scheduled Tribe (AOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.89) and others caste (AOR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97), Muslim (AOR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.24), and from central (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.52, 1.70) and west region (AOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15) were significantly associated with higher likelihood of diarrhoea in past 2 weeks. Furthermore, this study also revealed that child’s stool disposal (AOR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.09), floor materials (AOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) and roof materials (AOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) of the household were found to be significant factors of childhood diarrhoea occurrence.Conclusions Diarrhoeal disease remains a serious public health problem in India. The findings of this study suggest strengthening of existing health care programs. Policy intervention should also address socio-economic vulnerabilities of mothers and children to combat the incidence of diarrhoea. In addition, provisioning of sanitation and housing facilities may help positively to control diarrhoeal disease that could eventually reduce the incidence of child mortality.

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Socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with diarrhoeal disease among children under five in India

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22229/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pintu Paul

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Past

Abstract Background: Globally, diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death in children under five and a major public health problem. Despite several health care initiatives taken by the government, a large proportion of children still experience diarrhoeal diseases which cause high childhood death in India. This study aims to examine the socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with diarrhoea in children under five in India.Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed using the recent round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), conducted in 2015–16. A total of 247,743 living children below five years of age were included in the analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were carried out to assess the factors associated with childhood diarrhoeal disease.Results: In India, about 9% of under-five children experience diarrhoeal disease in the past two weeks preceding the survey. Children living in rural areas (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09), belonged to scheduled tribe (aOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.89) and other castes (aOR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97), Muslim children (aOR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.24), and children resided in the central (aOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.52, 1.70) and west (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15) regions were significantly associated with higher likelihood of diarrhoea in the past two weeks. Concerning environmental factors, child stool disposal (aOR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.09), floor materials (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) and roof materials (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13) of the household were found to be significant factors of childhood diarrhoea occurrence.Conclusions: Diarrhoeal disease is common among children who lived in rural areas, scheduled castes, Muslims, and children from poor families. Regarding environmental factors, stool disposal practices in the household, dirt floor, and thatch roof materials of the household unit are risk factors for diarrhoeal disease. Targeted approach should be initiated to mitigate the problem of the poor health status of children by providing adequate health care. The policy-makers and stakeholders should address adverse environmental conditions by the provision of latrine and improved housing facilities.

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Healthcare-Associated Infections: Not Only a Clinical Burden, But a Forensic Point of View

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201020666190618122649 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 658-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marco Di Paolo ◽

Luigi Papi ◽

Paolo Malacarne ◽

Federica Gori ◽

Emanuela Turillazzi

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Care Facility ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Control Measures ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Healthcare Associated Infections ◽

Open Communication ◽

Healthcare Associated

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) occur when patients receiving treatment in a health care setting develop an infection. They represent a major public health problem, requiring the integration of clinical medicine, pathology, epidemiology, laboratory sciences, and, finally, forensic medicine. Methods: The determination of cause of death is fundamental not only in the cases of presumed malpractice to ascertain the causal link with any negligent behavior both of health facilities and of individual professionals, but also for epidemiological purposes since it may help to know the global burden of HCAIs, that remains undetermined because of the difficulty of gathering reliable diagnostic data. A complete methodological approach, integrating clinical data by means of autopsy and histological and laboratory findings aiming to identify and demonstrate the host response to infectious insult, is mandatory in HCAIs related deaths. Results: Important tasks for forensic specialists in hospitals and health services centers are the promotion of transparency and open communication by health-care workers on the risk of HCAIs, thus facilitating patients’ engagement and the implementation of educational interventions for professionals aimed to improve their knowledge and adherence to prevention and control measures. Conclusion: HCAIs are a major problem for patient safety in every health-care facility and system around the world and their control and prevention represent a challenging priority for healthcare institution and workers committed to making healthcare safer. Clinicians are at the forefront in the war against HCAIs, however, also forensic pathologists have a remarkable role.

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Abortion care seeking in India: patterns and predictors

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s002193201900049x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 353-365

Author(s):

Palak Sharma ◽

Manas Ranjan Pradhan

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Care Facility ◽

Health Care Facility ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Wealth Quintile ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Care Seeking ◽

Abortion Care ◽

Facility Type

AbstractUnsafe abortions remain a considerable public health problem and continue to be a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality throughout the world. This study assessed whether women’s choice of type of health care facility for abortion in India varied by their socio-demographic and economic characteristics, and aimed to determine the significant predictors of choice of health care facility. Data were taken from the 2015–16 Indian National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4). The study sample included women aged 15–49 years, irrespective of their marital status, who had terminated their last pregnancy by induced abortion in the five years before the survey (N = 6876). A bivariate analysis was carried out to assess the pattern in the choice of health care facility type for an abortion, and a multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to assess the predictors affecting the choice of health care facility type for an abortion. The results showed that, at the time of the 2015–16 survey, women in India went to private facilities more than public facilities for abortion care, irrespective of their age, distance to facility and financial constraints. The probability of visiting a private facility increased with women’s age, gestational age and the wealth quintile. A wide variation in choice of health facility for abortion care by socioeconomic characteristics was observed.

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Magnitude, Severity, and Associated Factors of Anemia among Under-Five Children Attending Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia, 2016

Anemia ◽

10.1155/2020/7580104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Yeshimebet Gebereselassie ◽

Mesganaw BirhanSelassie ◽

Tadesse Menjetta ◽

Jemal Alemu ◽

Aster Tsegaye

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Problem ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

University Teaching ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Under Five ◽

Hawassa University ◽

Prevalence Of Anemia

Background. Anemia is a widespread public health problem associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Infants, under-5-year-old children, and pregnant women have greater susceptibility to anemia. The magnitude and associated risk factors for anemia vary in different settings. The study aimed to assess the magnitude, severity, and associated factors of anemia at Hawassa University Teaching and Referral hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Methods. In a hospital-based cross-sectional study, a total of 422 under-five children were included. Sociodemographic data and other predisposing factors were collected by structured questionnaire. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for hemoglobin determination using a Cell-Dyn 1800 automated analyzer. Stool samples were collected and processed using direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration method to detect intestinal parasites. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical packages. Binary and multiple logistic regressions were computed to assess factors associated with anemia. p value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result. The overall prevalence of anemia was found to be 41.7%. The mean hemoglobin level was 10.59 g/dl. Anemia was of mild, moderate, and severe type in 6.6%, 19%, and 16.1% of the children, respectively. Children in the age group 6–23 months (AOR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.13, 3.69)), and mothers having no formal education (AOR = 1.73 (95% CI: 0.99, 3.02)) were identified as associated factors for anemia. Conclusion. The prevalence of anemia among the study subjects was 41.7% indicative of the fact that anemia is an important public health problem. It was associated with the child’s age, residence, mother’s education level, and intestinal parasite (Ascaris lumbricoides). It clearly indicates that there should be well integrated public health interventions to improve the health status that needs to be prioritized to prevent anemia among children under five years of age.

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Bayesian conditional autoregressive models to assess spatial patterns of diarrhoea risk among children under the age of 5 years in Mbour, Senegal

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2019.823 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sokhna Thiam ◽

Guéladio Cissé ◽

Anna-Sofie Stensgaard ◽

Aminata Niang-Diène ◽

Jürg Utzinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Varying Coefficients ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Conditional Autoregressive ◽

Diarrhoeal Diseases

Diarrhoeal diseases remain a major public health problem, causing more than half a million child deaths every year, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite existing knowledge on the aetiologies and causes of diarrhoeal diseases, relatively little is known about its spatial patterns in LMICs, including Senegal. In the present study, data from a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2016 were analysed to describe the spatial pattern of diarrhoeal prevalence in children under the age of 5 years in the secondary city of Mbour in the south-western part of Senegal. Bayesian conditional autoregressive (CAR) models with spatially varying coefficients were employed to determine the effect of sociodemographic, economic and climate parameters on diarrhoeal prevalence. We observed substantial spatial heterogeneities in diarrhoea prevalence. Risk maps, stratified by age group, showed that diarrhoeal prevalence was higher in children aged 25-59 months compared to their younger counterparts with the highest risk observed in the north and south peripheral neighbourhoods, especially in Grand Mbour, Médine, Liberté and Zone Sonatel. The posterior relative risk estimate obtained from the Bayesian CAR model indicated that a unit increase in the proportion of people with untreated stored drinking water was associated with a 29% higher risk of diarrhoea. A unit increase in rainfall was also associated with an increase in diarrhoea risk. Our findings suggest that public health officials should integrate disease mapping and cluster analyses and consider the varying effects of sociodemographic factors in developing and implementing areaspecific interventions for reducing diarrhoea.

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Assessment of Public Health Units’ Capacity to Manage Under-Five Malnutrition: A Case Study of Kamuli District, Uganda

International Journal of Studies in Nursing ◽

10.20849/ijsn.v3i3.511 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Benon Musasizi ◽

Elizabeth Ekirapa Kiracho ◽

Saul Kamukama ◽

Geoffrey Babughirana

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Human Resource Development ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Health Workers ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Under Five

Malnutrition is a major public-health problem throughout the developing world and is an underlying factor in over 50% of the 10-11 million children under 5 years of age who die each year of preventable causes. Uganda loses US$310 million worth of productivity per year due to the high levels of stunting, iodine-deficiency disorders, iron deficiency, low birth weight, and malnutrition contributes to a loss of about 4.1% of the gross domestic product per year. This paper provides the findings of an assessment conducted in Kamuli district to determine the capacity of public health units to manage under-five malnutrition focusing on the six building blocks of the health system. This was a descriptive cross sectional study that employed both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection, analysis and presentation. This involved interviewing health workers using a semi structured questionnaire and checklist for health facilities. Supplement qualitative data was collected using key informant interviews (KIIs). Results indicate that the capacity of health facilities to manage under-five malnutrition in Kamuli district was found to be low at 36.6% only. Capacity of health facilities was based on; Nutrition leadership and human resource development, health worker knowledge, availability of equipment and supplies, physical infrastructure, availability of infant and young child nutrition policy guidelines and planning and budgeting at health facility level.

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Lowest wealth quintiles predispose under-five children to stunting in Ethiopia: Updates of systematic review and meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-58090/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽

Aschalew Afework ◽

Alemayehu Digssie ◽

Netsanet Fentahun ◽

Murat Açık ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Publication Bias ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Forest Plot ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background: Malnutrition remains as a major public health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. The prevalence of stunting in Ethiopia has been decreased considerably from 58% in 2000 to 44% in 2011 and 38% in 2016. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the prevalence of stunting and its associations with wealth index among under-five children in Ethiopia. Methodology: The databases screened were PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, HINARI and grey literatures. The studies’ qualities were assessed by two reviewers independently, and any controversy was handled by other reviewers using the JBI critical appraisal checklist. In the statistical analysis, the funnel plot, Egger’s test, and Begg’s test were used to assess publication bias. The I2 statistic, forest plot, and Cochran’s Q test were used to deal with heterogeneity. Results: The pooled prevalence of stunting was 41.5% among under-five children, despite its considerable heterogeneity (I2=97.6%, p<0.001). However, the included studies had no publication bias in calculating the pooled prevalence (Egger’s test p=0.26; Begg’s test p=0.87). Children from households with a medium or low/poor wealth index had higher odds of stunting (AOR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.65 or AOR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.46, 2.54, respectively) compared to children from households with a high/rich wealth index. Conclusions: The pooled prevalence of stunting is great. In the subgroup analysis, the Amhara region, followed by the Oromia region and then the Tigray region had the highest prevalence of stunting

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