scholarly journals Physicochemical, bacteriological, and correlational evaluation of water obtained from boreholes and springs in a sub-urban community

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
Ibiang Arikpo Oka ◽  
Sylvanus Akpak Upula
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Coliform Count

Inadequate safe and portable water supply particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries has been associated with posing serious public health implications, especially as water related diseases continue to be a major health challenge in resource limited settings worldwide. Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of borehole and spring water sources in a sub-urban community were assessed to determine their potability and correlation index. Twenty (20) water samples, 10 from boreholes and 10 from springs were randomly collected from different locations and analysed using standard microbiological and physicochemical methods. The results were compared with NIS and WHO standards for drinking water. Physicochemical parameters including; temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, total dissolved solid, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Chloride, Sodium, Nitrate, Ammonium and Potassium were determined following the procedures prescribed by American Public Health Association Standard Method. Results obtained revealed that 99.3% of the analysed physicochemical parameters were within the maximum acceptable limits of NIS and WHO guidelines for drinking water except borehole iron concentration (0.52mg/L) and Manganese concentration (0.14mg/L). The total heterotrophic bacterial count (THB), total coliform count and faecal coliform count ranged from 1.6x103cfu/100ml to 4.7x103cfu/100 ml, 8.0cfu/100ml to 25cfu/ml, 0cfu/100ml to 14cfu/100ml respectively for boreholes, and 1.7x103cfu/100ml to 4.6x103cfu/100ml, 10cfu/100ml to 21cfu/100ml, 9cfu/100ml to 17cfu/100ml respectively for samples from spring water supply. Phenotypic characterization of the samples revealed the presence of certain organisms with pathogenic potentials such as Staphylococcus aureus 27.5%, followed by E. coli 19.6%, P. aeruginosa 11.8%, Klebsiella spp. 9.8%, Enterobacter spp. 7.8%, Enterococcus spp. 7.8%, Lactobacillus spp. 5.9%, Proteus spp. 3.9%, Shigella spp. 3.9% and Vibrio cholerae 2.0%. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significantly strong positive correlation between total heterotrophic bacteria count and total coliforms (r = 0.643) and strong negative correlation between pH and total dissolved solids (r = -0.640). Other parameters such as faecal coliform, temperature, pH, turbidity, Zinc, Ammonium and Sodium shows significant correlation among variables.

scholarly journals Content of Fluorine in Drinking Water in FYR Macedonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
M. Carcev ◽  
D. Gjorgev ◽  
F. Tozija ◽  
H. Petanovski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Optimal Concentration ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Who Standards

Abstract From all the methods applied in preventing dental caries, the most significant is the use of fluorides. Nowadays, 6 decades after its massive use, it can certainly be argued that it is the most efficient, cheapest and safest way of preventing dental caries, confirmed by more than 150 longitudinal studies. In order to determine the presence of fluorides in drinking water, in coordination with the Institute for Public Health of the FYR Macedonia in 2009, we conducted a research for determining the presence of fluorides in drinking water from the public water supply in the country. The results from the research showed that concentration of fluorine in drinking water in our country is under 0.3ppm (0.3 mg per litre of water), which indicates a really low amount in accordance to the WHO standards. Optimal concentration was registered in only few water supply facilities in less settled areas, while hyper-fluorinated water was registered in few village wells, which were put out of use after they were located.

scholarly journals KUALITAS BAKTERIOLOGIS AIR MINUM ISI ULANGPADA TINGKAT PRODUSEN DI KABUPATEN BADUNG.

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Made Partiana ◽  
Made Sudiana Mahendra ◽  
Wayan Redi Aryanta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Probable Number

The presence of refill drinking water in the urban community especially Badung Regency is favored as an alternative of water supply because it cost relatively cheaper compared to water in pacage. The number of samples in this study was 45 outlets with refill drinking water as its study material. The bacteriological examination of the material of study was done on included most probable number (MPN) of coliform and Eschericia coli. The result of refill drinking water investigation bacteriological examination revealed 88.9 % outlets were considered qualified, 11.1 % of them were unqualified because they contained coliform bacteria and one stall had Eschericia coli. The observation hygiene 15.6 % unqualified and sanitation outlets examination 17.8 % unqualified. Correlation test showed no significant relationship between raw materials, equipment, processing, hygiene and sanitation autlets with bacteriological quality of drinking water

Surface water as abstraction source for drinking water supply in 2014

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Seewsagur
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Water Abstraction

Data is given as the percentage of water abstracted for drinking supply that comes from surface water. Abstraction sources include: groundwater, spring water, surface water, other sources and imported water. The full data are available online. For more information, visit: www.waterstatistics.org Abstraction Drinking water Human settlements Supply

scholarly journals Cyanotoxins in drinking water supply reservoir (Legedadi, Central Ethiopia): implications for public health safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Habtemariam ◽  
Demeke Kifle ◽  
Seyoum Leta ◽  
Wendy Beekman ◽  
Miquel Lürling
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Algal Bloom ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Supply Source

AbstractCyanobacterial blooms in drinking water supply affect its quality, which ultimately impacts ecosystem and public health. Thus, this cross-sectional study was conducted to perform a preliminary study on cyanotoxins via analysis of samples collected only once from two sites during the month of peak algal bloom and to subsequently prompt a comprehensive risk assessment in a major drinking water source, Legedadi Reservoir, of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Samples were collected during peak algal bloom month (January 2018) from two sampling sites, near the dam (S1) and at the center of the reservoir (S2). Identification and enumeration of phytoplankton taxa were done and the measurement of common hepatotoxin (MCs and NOD) concentrations was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In the reservoir, cyanobacteria made up to 98% of total phytoplankton abundance, with Dolichospermum and Microcystis spp, dominating the phytoplankton community. In these first cyanotoxin analyses conducted for a drinking water supply source in Ethiopia, six major MC variants, namely MC-dmRR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-dmLR, MC-LR, and MC-LA, were detected in both algal seston and water samples. MC-LR was the most dominant MCs variant, while nodularin was not detected for both sampling sites. Extracellular total MC concentrations (μg L−1) of 453.89 and 61.63 and intracellular total MC concentrations (μg L−1) of 189.29 and 112.34 were recorded for samples from S1 and S2, respectively. The high concentrations of extracellular MCs, with MC-LR constituting the greatest proportion, indicate the extremely high potential public health risk for end-users.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Mono-pumps and Boreholes used as Sources of Domestic Water Supply in Abonnema Rivers State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Douglas Salome Ibietela ◽  
Alambo, Ayaba Alabo ◽  
Obire, Omokaro
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

Aim: This study was carried out to compare the bacteriological and physicochemical qualities of boreholes and mono-pumps water samples used as sources of domestic water supply, in Abonnema Community, Akuku-Toru Local Government Area, Rivers State. Methodology: A total of forty-eight water samples were collected twice monthly for four months and evaluated. The bacteriological parameters such as total heterotrophic bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Vibrio, Salmonella - Shigella and Pseudomonas were analyzed using standard microbiological methods.  The coliform was determined using the Most Probable number technique while, the physicochemical parameters were determined using Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Results: The total heterotrophic bacterial, coliform, faecal coliform, Vibrio, Salmonella-Shigella and Pseudomonas counts of the borehole samples ranged from 7.2×102 - 2.4×103, 2.3×102–4.0×102, 3.6×102-4.8×102, 7.3×102-1.4×103, 2.1×102-2.8×102 and 0.0×100Cfu/ml, respectively. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts, coliform counts, faecal coliform counts, Vibrio counts, Salmonella-Shigella counts and Pseudomonas counts for the mono-pump samples ranged from: 1.1×103- 1.8×103, 2.0×102– 9.1×102, 2.4×102- 3.8×102, 4.5×102-8.6×102, 1.4×102 - 4.2×102 and 0.0×100Cfu/ml, respectively. The bacterial genera identified were: Bacillus, Lynsinibacillus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Serratia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, Salmonella, Paenibacillus, Aeromonas and Geobacillus. The means of physicochemical parameters for borehole and mono-pump, respectively were: alkalinity: 41.72±0.01-60.85±0.20 and 29.14±0.01-214.87±1.36mg/l; BOD: 8.26±0.01-10.44±0.0 and 5.12±0.01-5.79±0.01; COD: 126.52±0.01-172.41±0.04 and 83.20±0.44-218.00±0.57; DO: 6.31±0.01 and 3.05±0.07-8.29±0.01; calcium: 5.10±0.28-; 4.83±0.00-10.15±0.00 and 2.71±0.00-14.04±0.00; iron: 2.01±0.00-3.37±0.00 and 1.90±0.00-4.73±0.00; lead: 0.38±0.00-1.07±0.00 and 1.24±0.00-1.63±0.00; nitrate: 0.42±0.00-1.08±0.00 and 1.14±0.00-1.75±0.00; zinc:1.10±0.00-3.18±0.00 and 0.39±0.00-1.82±0.00; phosphate: 0.03±0.00-0.13±0.00 and 0.15±0.00-0.87±0.00; pH: 6.54±0.00-7.05±0.07 and 6.29±0.00-6.93±0.01; salinity: 4.02±0.00-5.14±0.00 and 2.83±0.00-5.88±0.00; total organic carbon: 1.39±0.01-2.81±0.010 and 1.64±0.00-3.42±0.01; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: 32.69±0.00-55.73±0.00 and 45.10±0.00-61.49±0.00mg/l; total petroleum hydrocarbon:58.90±0.00-66.15±0.00 and 60.31±0.00-92.11±0.00 mg/l. Conclusion: The high counts of bacterial groups of public health importance identified from this study, including the presence of: COD, DO, Fe, Pb, Phosphate, Zinc, TPH and PAH in high concentrations reveals contamination of the water sources. Thus, treatment before drinking is recommended.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Metakaolin as Low Cost Adsorbent for Manganese Removal in Anoxic Groundwater

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Sharizal Mohd Sapingi ◽  
Mohamad Fared Murshed ◽  
Husnul Azan Tajaruddin ◽  
Fatehah Mohd Omar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Abstract The recent climate condition and pollution problem related to surface water have led to water scarcity in Malaysia. Huge amount of groundwater has been identified as viable source for drinking water. This paper was aimed to investigate groundwater’s quality at specific location and metakaolin’s potential in the groundwater treatment in the removal of manganese. Groundwater purging was determined to be sufficient at 120 minutes where all three parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity) were stabilized. The groundwater studied is classified as both anoxic and reductive due the low dissolved oxygen value. It also can be categorized as brackish due to high value of conductivity and total dissolved solid. Manganese content in groundwater was determined as higher than of that permissible limit for raw water and drinking water which makes it unsuitable for them not suitable for consumption and cleaning purpose. Average manganese concentration in samples was 444.0 ppb where the concentrations of manganese ranged from 229.4 ppb to 760.3 ppb. Manganese developed is not that a strong positive correlation against iron concentration, total dissolved solids and conductivity; whereas has a moderate negative correlation against dissolved oxygen. The capability adsorption of manganese by metakaolin was assessed via batch method which indicated optimum dosage and contact time was 14g that removed average 30.2% and contact time optimum at 120 minutes which removed 33.2% manganese from the sample.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water Sources in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
B. E. Agbo ◽  
A. V. Ogar ◽  
U. L. Akpan ◽  
C. I. Mboto
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Mean

This study evaluated the physico-chemical and the bacteriological quality of five different sources of drinking water in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria, to give a fair geographical representative of the town and to contribute to our understanding of the quality of drinking water in the metropolis. The physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, colour, Iron, dissolved oxygen, Calcium, Magnesium, alkalinity, total hardness, Manganese, Sulphate, Chloride, Phosphate, Sodium, Zinc, Copper, total dissolved solid, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Ammonium and Potassium were determined following the procedures prescribed by American Public Health Association Standard Method. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using the standard microbiological standard for analysis of water for total and faecal coliform count. The mean temperature of the evaluated waters ranged from 23.03°C-29.3°C, mean pH ranged from 4.37-6.76, while turbidity had a mean range of 0.16 NTU-4.13 NTU. Conductivity ranged between 39.29 µs/cm - 120.7 µs/cm, dissolved oxygen with 13.30 mg/L - 4.19 mg/L, total dissolved solids ranged from 72.4 mg/L -23.5 mg/L, while the mean for iron concentration ranged from 0.12 mg/L - 0.99 mg/L. Similarly, the mean for total hardness was 34.2 mg/L - 17.1 mg/L and 7.93 mg/L - 6.71 mg/L for total alkalinity. Others includes Manganese (0.88 mg/L - 0.02 mg/L), Magnesium (16.5 mg/L - 9.9 mg/L), Calcium (9.77 mg/L - 7.20 mg/L, Nitrate (14.6 mg/L - 3.66 mg/L), Nitrite (0.076 mg/L -0.009 mg/L), Ammonia (0.89 mg/L - 0.25 mg/L), Ammonium (0.52 mg/L - 0.013 mg/L), Zinc (1.01 mg/L - 0.34 mg/L), Chloride (5.73 mg/L - 0.364 mg/L), Fluoride (0.76 mg/L - 0.277 mg/L), Copper (0.61 mg/L - 0.18 mg/L), Sodium (2.73 mg/L - 0.180 mg/L), potassium (5.73 mg/L - 2.0 mg/L), Sulphate (14.8 mg/L - 3.69 mg/L and Phosphate with 4.8 mg/L - 3.69 mg/L. The total coliform count for bottled water ranged between 2.00 cfu/100 mL – 19.00 cfu/100 mL, the total coliform range for sachet water were 6.00 cfu/100 mL and 15.00 cfu/100 mL and no faecal coliform was detected. Public water had no growth at all, the stream and borehole bacteriological analysis ranged from 27x101 cfu/ mL - 55x101 cfu/mL and 12 cfu/100 mL - 33 cfu/100 mL for total coliform respectively. Faecal coliform ranged from 15x101 cfu/ mL - 52x101 cfu/ mL for stream and 9.00 cfu100/ mL – 16.00 cfu/100 mL for borehole. A total of seven (7) different bacteria species were isolated from the sampled drinking water sources. These included Proteus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., E.coli, Chromobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Enterococcus spp. This study reveals a high level of poor quality sources of water in the metropolis and makes need for urgent health intervention.

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