scholarly journals The Firstborn Laestadians and the sacraments

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anssi Ollilainen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Priesthood Of All Believers ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Revival Movement ◽  
High Esteem

Firstborn Laestadians represent one branch of the Laestadian revival movement following the so-called Great Division of around the turn of the twentieth century. This article examines two concepts; ‘the priesthood of all believers’ and ‘the preacher’, which are used by adherents of Firstborn Laestadianism (FBL) to elucidate the further schism which took place in 2014–16 between the Firstborn and the Evangelic­­­al Lutheran Church of Finland (ELCF). Both concepts are to some extent contrasted with comparable ideas in Martin Luther’s (1483–1546) and Lars Levi Laestadius’s (1800–61) thinking, because Luther and Laestadius are held in high esteem by the Firstborn.

A Homosocial Priesthood of All Believers: Laity and Gender in Interwar Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-464
Author(s):  
Martin Nykvist
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Of Sweden ◽  
Priesthood Of All Believers ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Life ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Church

Around the turn of the twentieth century, there was a growing concern within the Church of Sweden that the church was, to a too large extent, managed by the clergy alone. In an attempt to give the laity a more active and influential role in the Church of Sweden, the Brethren of the Church was established in 1918. Since it was only possible for men to become members, the organization simultaneously addressed a different issue: the view that women had become a much too salient group in church life. This process was described by the Brethren and similar groups as a “feminization” of the church, a phrasing which later came to be used by historians and theologians to explain changes in Western Christianity in the nineteenth century. In other words, the Brethren considered questions of gender vital to their endeavor to create a church in which the laity held a more prominent position. This article analyzes how the perceived feminization and its assumed connection to secularization caused enhanced attempts to uphold and strengthen gender differentiation in the Church of Sweden in the early twentieth century. By analyzing an all-male lay organization, the importance of homosociality in the construction of Christian masculinities will also be discussed.

Confucian Heritage, Public Narratives and Community Politics of Chinese Australians at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-fen Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
National History ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Nationalist Discourse ◽  
Revival Movement ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper focuses on the meanings of Confucian heritage for the Chinese ethnic community at the time Australia became a Federation. It will argue that public narratives about Confucian heritage provided a new agency for mobilizing urban Chinese Australian communities. These narratives politicized culture, helped to shape Chinese ethnic identity and diasporic nationalism over time. The appearance of narratives on Confucian heritage in the late 19th century reflected the Chinese community’s attempt to differentiate and redefine itself in an increasingly inimical racist environment. The fact that Chinese intellectuals interpreted Confucian heritage as symbolic of their distinctiveness does not necessarily mean that the Chinese community as a whole aligned themselves with the Confucianism revival movement. By interpreting Confucian heritage as a national symbol, Chinese Australian public narratives reflected a national history in which the Chinese community blended Confucian heritage into a nationalist discourse. This paper argues that this interpretation of Confucian heritage reflects the Chinese community’s attempts to redefine their relationship with the non-Chinese culture, they were a part of, in ways which did not draw on colour or race.

scholarly journals Names, Varieties and Ideologies in Revived Cornish

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Merryn Davies-Deacon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Language Revival ◽  
Significant Process ◽  
Revival Movement ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The attribution of names is a significant process that often highlights concerns over identity, ideology and ownership. Within the fields of minority languages and Celtic Studies, such concerns are especially pertinent given that the identities in question are frequently perceived as under threat from dominant cultures. The effect of concerns caused by this can be examined with reference to revived Cornish, which became divided into three major varieties in the later twentieth century; by examining the names of these varieties, we can draw conclusions about how they are perceived, or we are invited to perceive them. The motivations of those involved in the Cornish language revival are equally reflected in the names of the organisations and bodies they have formed, which equally contribute to the legitimation of revived Cornish. This paper examines both these categories of name, as well as the phenomenon of Kernowisation, a term coined by Harasta (2013) to refer to the adoption of Cornish personal names, and here extended to the use of Cornish names in otherwise English-language contexts. Examining the names that have been implemented during the Cornish language revival, and the ways in which they are used or indeed refused by those involved, gives us an insight into the various ideologies that steer the revival process. Within the context of the precarious nature of Cornish and Celtic identity, we can identify the concerns of those involved in the Cornish revival movement and highlight the role of naming as an activity of legitimation, showing how the diversity of names that occur reflects an equally diverse range of motivations and influences.

scholarly journals Synod as the Embodiment of the Church — the Evolution of Lutheran Understanding of Synodality

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Marcin Hintz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Church Management ◽  
Priesthood Of All Believers ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Theological Foundation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

The concept of the synod plays a special role in the Evangelical ecclesiology. In the 20th century, the synod was radically defined as “the personification of the Church.” In the Evangelical tradition, however, there are equal Church management systems: episcopal, synodal-consistory, presbyterian (mainly in the Evangelical-Reformed denomination), and to a lesser extent congregational (especially observed in the so-called free Churches). Reformation theology understands the Church as a community of all saints, where the Gospel is preached purely and the sacraments are properly administered (Augsburg Confession — CA VII). The system of the Church does not belong to the so-called notae ecclesiae. An important theological doctrine of the Reformation is the teaching about the universal priesthood of all believers, which is the theological foundation of the idea of the synodal responsibility of the Church. In the 19th century synods concerned mainly clergy. In the 20th century, in the course of democratisation processes, most Evangelical Churches raised the importance of the synod in the overall management of the Church, and the Polish Lutheran Church introduced a provision into her law which stipulates that the synod is “the embodiment of the Church” and its supreme authority.

The Conversion of Yosiya Kinuka and the Beginning of the East African Revival

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-214
Author(s):  
Daewon Moon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Early Years ◽  
East African ◽  
Revival Movement

The East African Revival, arguably the most influential revival movement of Africa in the twentieth century, originated from an Anglican mission station in northern Ruanda in the 1930s. This article examines the revival in its early years and demonstrates how the revivalist spirituality was prompted by the conversion of Yosiya Kinuka, an African member of the Ruanda Mission medical staff. Highlighting the African initiative in the revival, this article critically assesses previous historical analyses of religious conversion in the colonial context and argues that the conversion of Kinuka served as an archetype that shaped the character of the revival as primarily a conversionist movement.

Celebrating the centennial (1894–1994): Leonardo Gigli and his wire saw

1995 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1086-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brunori ◽  
Patrizio Bruni ◽  
Romano Greco ◽  
Renato Giuffré ◽  
Francesco Chiappetta
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safe Delivery ◽  
Teaching Position ◽  
Wire Saw ◽  
High Esteem ◽  
Fine Print

✓ In spite of the recent introduction of craniotomes in neurosurgical practice, the simple but brilliant wire saw invented by Leonardo Gigli still holds an important place in neurosurgical instrumentation. Born in Florence in 1863, Gigli was forced by circumstances to leave Italy soon after getting his medical degree. He first spent 2 years attending the most celebrated obstetrical clinics in Paris and London and then, in 1892, moved to Breslau where he worked with Fritsch and Mikulicz. During this successful and rewarding period, Gigli proposed the lateralized pubiotomy (Gigli's operation) for safe delivery in cases of maternal pelvic deformities and, inspired by the sight of a jagged knife during a country banquet, conceived his wire saw to simplify the procedure. In 1894, at Professor Obalinski's suggestion, he successfully tested a modified saw type with a whalebone guide for the preparation of osteoplastic cranial flaps. In spite of his great popularity and the high esteem in which he was held abroad, Gigli's aims were systematically belittled in Italy, where he never qualified for a university teaching position. He died in 1908, at age 44. Although the once celebrated Gigli's operation has merely historical interest today, the favorable features of his wire saw make it a safe and efficient tool in the hands of twentieth-century neurosurgeons worldwide.

scholarly journals Religious Affects and Female Subjects in the Altarpieces of the Finnish Artist Alexandra Frosterus-Såltin

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-26
Author(s):  
Ringa Takanen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Mary Magdalene ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evangelical Lutheran Church ◽  
Evangelical Lutheran ◽  
The Church

Before the mid-nineteenth century there were few subjects in the altarpiece tradition of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland in which the central figures accompanying Christ were female. Seldom used or new motifs involving female characters now emerged behind the altar. Most of the altarpieces with central women figures were painted in Finland at the turn of the twentieth century by the artist Alexandra Frosterus-Såltin (1837–1916). In the nineteenth century Frosterus-Såltin was the only artist in Finland who realized the motif of ‘Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalene’ in her altarpieces. In her final representation of the theme, the altarpiece in the church of the Finnish Jepua commune, she chose an unusual approach to the motif. My interest in the subject lies in the motif’s affective nature – the ways in which altarpieces in general have been actively used to evoke feelings. Moreover, I consider the influence that Alexandra Frosterus-Såltin, a significant agent in Finnish sacral art, had on consolidating the position of women’s agency in the Finnish altarpiece tradition. I examine the motif in relation to the cultural and political atmosphere of the era, especially the changing gender roles and the understanding of women’s social agency as the women’s movement emerged.

The Wauwatosa Theology: John Philip Koehler and His Exegetical Methodology

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
Charles E. Werth
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Wisconsin Synod ◽  
The City

Wauwatosa is a suburb of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was there that a particularly fascinating bit of twentieth-century church history was played out between 1900 and 1929. Three theological professors, J.P. Koehler, August Pieper, and John Schaller, headquartered in Wauwatosa sought to influence a generation of students preparing for the ministerium of the Wisconsin Synod of the Lutheran church. Short-lived and generally scorned, the Wauwatosa Theology is clothed in a comic-tragic story. Its rise and fall is contemporaneous with the rise and fall of its chief framer, John Philip Koehler.

scholarly journals ‘In the manner of Cavafy’: The example of the poet from Alexandria

Literator ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Van Schalkwyk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The World ◽  
High Esteem ◽  
Tone Of Voice ◽  
Distinguishing Features

The Greek poet C.P. Cavafy (1863–1933) is held in high esteem around the world by readers and authors alike. He had influenced not only some of the greatest authors of the twentieth century, but due to the fact that his work lends itself particularly well to translation, he is also a relatively strong presence in literatures other than Greek and English. For many – most notably gay readers, authors and artists – Cavafy holds an exemplary status both in terms of literature and life. W.H. Auden has argued that, what ultimately distinguishes Cavafy, is his tone of voice which reveals a person with a unique perspective on the world. Within the context of a research project on idiolectic author identity, this contribution attempts to review the distinguishing features of Cavafy’s work in terms of both form and content. This is done within the framework of the broad critical discourse on Cavafy, and with reference to some manifestations or examples of a Dutch and Afrikaans critical and creative perspective on his poetry, with the aim to shed specific light on the special kind of wisdom communicated in Cavafy’s work.

scholarly journals Regional Demographic Differences: The Effect of Laestadians

2010 ◽  
pp. 123-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Terämä
Keyword(s):  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Religious Activity ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Family ◽  
Regional Concentration ◽  
Revival Movement

Laestadianism, a conservative revival movement inside the Lutheran church, has an estimated 100,000 followers in Finland. Laestadians have characteristics differing from the followers of the mainstream state church in areas such as religious activity, regional concentration, fertility and family planning, but these are generally not quantified due to lack of easily accessible data. This study highlights the importance of including location and religiosity, and not only religious affiliation in the study of fertility behaviour. The research uses statistical tools to study the correlations between such variables as religious density and total fertility rate. It is found that on the regional level, the total fertility rate and the increasing number of small children in the family is positively associated with the proportion of Laestadians. The regional variation of religiousness, and the subsequent effects on population structure and socioeconomics are discussed.

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