Gasoil Hydro-desulfurization using Catalyst synthesized from Iraqi Kaolin Clay: Optimization with Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5A) ◽  
pp. 836-845
Author(s):  
Khlood S. Al-Kafagy ◽  
Zaidoon M. Shakor ◽  
Bashir Y. Al-Zaidi ◽  
Sattar J. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Significant Implication ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
Scanning Electron

This search aim to study the feasibility of hydro-desulfurization (HDS) of gas oil in fixed bed reactor by using economic support catalyst alumina meta kaolin (AMK) under various operating condition, i.e. Temp. (240−320 ◦C), Press. (3–12 bar), WHSV (2–6 h−1) at H2/HC ratio (50 vol./vol.). The support catalyst was prepared from Iraq kaolin and characterization by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.  Experimental design was used to determine which parameter (e.g. temperature, pressure and WHSV) has a greater influence on the obtained HDS and the optimum condition of process. The result shows that optimum condition given (Temp. 300 C, Press. 12 bar and WHSV 2 h-1) and all parameter have significant implication in the process.

The Effect of Regeneration Conditions on the Properties of CeO2 Desulfurization Sorbent in SO2 Atmosphere

2017 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Shang Guan Ju ◽  
Hui Qing Wang ◽  
Jia An ◽  
Jun Ming Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Regeneration Condition ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Scanning Electron

CeO2 desulfurization sorbent was prepared by calcination of Ce(NO3)3 ● 6H2O and the effect of regeneration conditions on its properties in SO2 atmosphere was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The regeneration conversion and the yield of elemental sulfur for CeO2 desulfurization sorbent were tested and calculated. And the composition and the morphology of CeO2 desulfurization sorbent before and after regeneration were obtained by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the main components of the regeneration products of Ce2O desulfurization sorbent were solid CeO2 and gaseous elemental S in SO2 atmosphere. The optimum regeneration condition of CeO2 desulfurization sorbent is that the regeneration temperature of 750 °C and the SO2 concentration of 4.25 %, under which the CeO2 desulfurization sorbent shows the higher regeneration conversion of 96 % and the yield of elemental sulfur of 68.95 wt. %.

Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide supported cobalt (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine as an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for mercaptans oxidation from gasoline

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (07n08) ◽  
pp. 510-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Motahari ◽  
Hojatollah Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fcc Gasoline ◽  
Ethyl Mercaptan ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Mercaptan Oxidation

In the present study, graphene oxide-supported cobalt (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine (CoTsPc-GO) was synthesized using the incipient wetness impregnation assisted [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] assembling method. Applications for this material were investigated for ethyl mercaptan, [Formula: see text]-propyl mercaptan and [Formula: see text]-butyl mercaptan oxidation from fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline in a fixed bed reactor. The synthesized CoTsPc-GO catalysts were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of cobalt (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine (CoTsPc) content (0–0.34 g), catalyst dosage (0.02–0.12 g) and temperature (30–40∘ C) on the performance of CoTsPc-GO catalysts were investigated during the Merox process. The stability and reusability of CoTsPc-GO catalyst for mercaptans oxidation were also tested. The obtained results revealed that the maximum mercaptan oxidation during the Merox process was obtained in CoTsPc-GO of 0.34 g, catalyst content of 0.1 g and a temperature of 40∘ C with ethyl mercaptan, [Formula: see text]-propyl mercaptan and [Formula: see text]-butyl mercaptan conversions of 99.9, 98.5 and 97.0%, respectively. The potential of CoTsPc-GO catalyst was investigated for further mercaptans oxidation. The results were compared to those obtained with an industrial impregnated active charcoal catalyst and a CoPc catalyst. The obtained results demonstrated the higher capability of CoTsPc-GO catalyst for mercaptans oxidation from FCC gasoline.

scholarly journals Catalytic Dry Reforming and Cracking of Ethylene for Carbon Nanofilaments and Hydrogen Production Using a Catalyst Derived from a Mining Residue

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abir Azara ◽  
El-Hadi Benyoussef ◽  
Faroudja Mohellebi ◽  
Mostafa Chamoumi ◽  
François Gitzhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Dry Reforming ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Spent Catalysts ◽  
Temperature Programmed

In this study, iron-rich mining residue (UGSO) was used as a support to prepare a new Ni-based catalyst via a solid-state reaction protocol. Ni-UGSO with different Ni weight percentages wt.% (5, 10, and 13) were tested for C2H4 dry reforming (DR) and catalytic cracking (CC) after activation with H2. The reactions were conducted in a differential fixed-bed reactor at 550–750 °C and standard atmospheric pressure, using 0.5 g of catalyst. Pure gases were fed at a molar ratio of C2H4/CO2 = 3 for the DR reaction and C2H4/Ar = 3 for the CC reaction. The flow rate is defined by a GHSV = 4800 mLSTP/h.gcat. The catalyst performance is evaluated by calculating the C2H4 conversion as well as carbon and H2 yields. All fresh, activated, and spent catalysts, as well as deposited carbon, were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results so far show that the highest carbon and H2 yields are obtained with Ni-UGSO 13% at 750 °C for the CC reaction and at 650 °C for the DR reaction. The deposited carbon was found to be filamentous and of various sizes (i.e., diameters and lengths). The analyses of the results show that iron is responsible for the growth of carbon nanofilaments (CNF) and nickel is responsible for the split of C–C bonds. In terms of conversion and yield efficiencies, the performance of the catalytic formulations tested is proven at least equivalent to other Ni-based catalyst performances described by the literature.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Catalysts and Its Application for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Der-Shing Lee ◽  
Yu-Wen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Co Oxidation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Narrow Particle Size Distribution ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

A series of Au/-TiO2 with various Co/Ti ratios prepared. /TiO2 was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation with aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate. Au catalysts were prepared by deposition-precipitation (DP) method at pH 7 and 338 K. The catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, temperature programming reduction, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The reaction was carried out in a fixed bed reactor with a feed containing 1% CO in air at weight hourly space velocities of 120,000 mL/h g and 180,000 mL/h g. High gold dispersion and narrow particle size distribution were obtained by DP method. The addition of into Au/TiO2 enhanced the activity of CO oxidation significantly. Au/5%  -TiO2 had the highest catalyst among all the catalysts. was mainly in the form of nanosize Co3O4 which could stabilize the Au nanoparticles. donated partial electrons to Au. The interactions among Au, , and TiO2 account for the high catalytic activity for CO oxidation.

scholarly journals Steam Reforming of Glycerol for Hydrogen Production over Ni/SiO2 Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sadanandam ◽  
N. Sreelatha ◽  
M. V. Phanikrishna Sharma ◽  
S. Kishta Reddy ◽  
B. Srinivas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Glycerol Water ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Operational Conditions

The performance of Ni/SiO2 catalyst for glycerol reforming has been investigated in fixed-bed reactor using careful tailoring of the operational conditions. In this paper, a commercial Engelhard catalyst has been sized and compared to gas product distribution versus catalyst size, water-to-carbon ratio, and stability of the catalyst system. Ni/SiO2 catalysts of three sizes (2×2, 2×4, and 3×5 mm) are evaluated using glycerol: water mixture at 600°C to produce 2 L H2 g−1 cat h−1. The results indicate that 3×5 mm size pellet is showing minimum coking and maintaining same level of conversion even after several hours of reforming activity. Whereas studies on 2×2 and 2×4 mm pellets indicate that carbon formation is affecting the reforming activity. Under accelerated aging studies, with 1 : 9 molar ratio of glycerol to water, 3 mg carbon g−1 cat h−1 was generated in 20 cycles, whereas 1 : 18 feed produced only 1.5 mg carbon g−1 cat h−1 during the same cycles of operation. The catalysts were characterized before and after evaluation by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), CHNS analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS).

Sem Studies of Co-Cr-Mo Surgical Implant Alloy Corrosion Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
Ann Chidester Van Orden ◽  
John L. Chidester ◽  
Anna C. Fraker ◽  
Pei Sung
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Anodic Polarization ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Saturated Calomel Electrode ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Scanning Electron

The influence of small variations in the composition on the corrosion behavior of Co-Cr-Mo alloys has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and electrochemical measurements. SEM and EDX data were correlated with data from in vitro corrosion measurements involving repassivation and also potentiostatic anodic polarization measurements. Specimens studied included the four alloys shown in Table 1. Corrosion tests were conducted in Hanks' physiological saline solution which has a pH of 7.4 and was held at a temperature of 37°C. Specimens were mechanically polished to a surface finish with 0.05 µm A1203, then exposed to the solution and anodically polarized at a rate of 0.006 v/min. All voltages were measured vs. the saturated calomel electrode (s.c.e.).. Specimens had breakdown potentials near 0.47V vs. s.c.e.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

Use of SEM, X-ray analysis and TEM to localize Fe3+ reduction in roots

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 392-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
P. F. Bell ◽  
Rufus L. Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Young Root ◽  
Insoluble Precipitate ◽  
Uptake And Transport ◽  
Scanning Electron

In dicotyledons, Fe3+ must be reduced to Fe2+ before uptake and transport of this essential macronutrient can occur. Ambler et al demonstrated that reduction along the root could be observed by the formation of a stain, Prussian blue (PB), Fe4 [Fe(CN)6]3 n H2O (where n = 14-16). This stain, which is an insoluble precipitate, forms at the reduction site when the nutrient solution contains Fe3+ and ferricyanide. In 1972, Chaney et al proposed a model which suggested that the Fe3+ reduction site occurred outside the cell membrane; however, no physical evidence to support the model was presented at that time. A more recent study using the PB stain indicates that rapid reduction of Fe3+ occurs in a region of the root containing young root hairs. Furthermore the most pronounced activity occurs in plants that are deficient in Fe. To more precisely localize the site of Fe3+ reduction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to examine the distribution of the PB precipitate that was induced to form in roots.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Analyses of Dental Tissues from a Hibernator

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
M. L. Zimny ◽  
A. C. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Bone Minerals ◽  
Apical Tooth ◽  
Scanning Electron

During hibernation the ground squirrel is immobile, body temperature reduced and metabolism depressed. Hibernation has been shown to affect dental tissues varying degrees, although not much work has been done in this area. In limited studies, it has been shown that hibernation results in (1) mobilization of bone minerals; (2) deficient dentinogenesis and degeneration of alveolar bone; (3) presence of calculus and tears in the cementum; and (4) aggrevation of caries and pulpal and apical tooth abscesses. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of hibernation on dental tissues employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and related x-ray analyses.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and x-ray analysis of microparticles and early hydration effects

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 692-693
Author(s):  
Yun Lu ◽  
David C. Joy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Early Hydration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Blended Cements ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Chemical Wastes ◽  
Scanning Electron

High resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) were performed to investigate microparticles in blended cements and their hydration products containing sodium-rich chemical wastes. The physical appearance of powder particles and the morphological development at different hydration stages were characterized by using high resolution SEM Hitachi S-900 and by SEM S-800 with a EDX spectrometer. Microparticles were dispersed on the sample holder and glued by 1% palomino solution. Hydrated bulk samples were dehydrated by acetone and mounted on the holder by silver paste. Both fracture surfaces and flat cutting sections of hydrating samples were prepared and examined. Some specimens were coated with an 3 nm thick Au-Pd or Cr layer to provide good conducting surfaces. For high resolution SEM S-900 observations the accelerating voltage of electrons was 1-2 KeV to protect the electron charging. Microchemical analyses were carried out by S800/EDS equipped with a LINK detector of take-off angle =40°.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document