scholarly journals L’esprit de celui qui parle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Language ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Origin Of Language ◽  
Time Subject ◽  
Over Time

Unbeknownst to most, Humboldt studied also Japanese in order to better grasp universal aspects of language. Humboldt’s interest in Japanese is based on his teleological view of language. According to Humboldt, language is the expression of a nation’s worldview and is, over time, subject to development and refinement. Japanese served Humboldt as an example to step back in time, so to speak, and he attempts to gain new insights into the origin of language by studying selected aspects of the Japanese language. While deeply original in his analysis, Humboldt falls victim to the Eurocentric bias of his approach. He uncritically perceives European languages as a yardstick to assess and interpret non-European languages.

scholarly journals Chūya Nakahara jako twórca japońskiego sonetu: perspektywy przekładu

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 196-208
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Olszewski
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Japanese Poetry ◽  
European Languages

Chūya Nakahara as the author of Japanese sonnet: Translation perspectives This article offers a reflection – against the historical and literary background of the epoch – on Chūya Nakahara’s work (1907–1937), who was the precursor of the Japanese syllabicaccentual verse (particular of the sonnet). Comparative analysis of his poem Mata kon haru (Spring comes again) and its Polish translation (included in the only Polish anthology of contemporary Japanese poetry entitled Cherries bloomed in winter) aims at shedding light on how difficult was the adaptation of the sonnet to the Japanese language. The OJAD (Online Japanese Accent Dictionary) service seems to offer a new promise for the research practice, proving that the intonation cadence may be treated similarly as feet in the poetry written in European languages.

scholarly journals Diachronic complexification and isolation

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Raffaela Baechler
Keyword(s):  
Middle High German ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Standard Variety ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Isolated Communities ◽  
Nominal Inflection ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Morphological System ◽  
Over Time

Abstract One may hear that over time languages tend to simplify their grammar and notably their morphological system. This intuition, probably based on linguists’ knowledge of the rich inflectional systems of older Indo-European languages, has been challenged, particularly by sociolinguistic typologists (e.g. Trudgill 2011; Braunmuller 1984, 2003; Nichols 1992). They hypothesise that languages spoken by small and isolated communities with a dense network may complexify their grammar (Trudgill 2011: 146-147). The present article investigates the nominal inflection systems of 14 varieties of German in order to survey whether there is any such diachronic tendency towards simplification and whether instances of complexification can be observed, too. The varieties under analysis include present-day Standard German, Old High German and Middle High German (two older stages of German) and eleven present-day non-standard varieties which make part of the Alemannic dialect group. First, it will be shown that there is a diachronic tendency towards simplification if we consider the total complexity of nominal inflection. Second, however, we can identify instances of diachronic complexification too if we take a closer look at single categories. Interestingly, diachronic complexification appears only in the non-standard varieties, not so in the standard variety. This may support the hypothesis that isolated varieties are more complex than non-isolated ones.

The centrality of thematic relations in Japanese text

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senko K. Maynard
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Text ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Languages ◽  
New Information ◽  
Thematic Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Interrogative Clauses ◽  
The Given

This paper examines three ways in which thematic relations are realized in Japanese text. Scholars in the past have focused on limited cases of thematization in Japanese — mostly realized by the thematic particle wa from the given-new information perspective. Following and advancing this tradition, in this paper I analyze three cases of thematic relations; (1) the staging effect realized by thematization and non-thematization in narrative discourse, (2) the expressive effect of the nominal predicate n(o) da which possesses thematic structural properties, and (3) the poetic effect of thematic suspension realized by thematic (interrogative) clauses. I emphasize that thematization is a phenomenon which pervades every aspect of the Japanese language. The three types of thematic relations explored in this study — although constituting only the tip of the iceberg — provide evidence for the claim that the nature of the Japanese language is theme-centered in contrast to the subject-predicate-prominent nature of Indo-European languages.

Vertical or horizontal? Reading directions in Japanese

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuko Obana
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Language ◽  
Main Text ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Mathematical Equations

The Japanese language was traditionally written vertically. Recently, journals, textbooks and academic reference works have appeared with the script written horizontally. One reason for this may be that quotations of foreign names and articles (written in European languages) and mathematical equations often appear in technical texts, and it is therefore more convenient to have the main text of this kind of work written horizontally.

scholarly journals Derivatization of the Word-forming Model “OWN-ALIEN”in the Japanese Language against the Background of Historical Dynamics of theJapanese Writing System Forms Development: Diachronic and Syncronic Aspects

2018 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
V. Pyrogov
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Cultural Paradigm ◽  
Historical Dynamics ◽  
The Moment

The paper attempts to study the conditions of historical origin and subsequent derivatization of the basic word-formation model “own-alien” in the Japanese language against the background of historical dynamics of the Japanese writing system development. Despite the fact that Japan and the Japanese are considered genetically isolated from the rest of the world, they repeatedly had to face the influence of external factors, in particular, to perceive and assimilate the norms and stereotypes of foreign cultures and languages, while preserving their national identity and integrity, and at the same time, to improve their own language and culture, resulting in the formation of a highly original and unique language that can be characterized as syncretic – Japanese-Chinese – with inclusion at present time of lexical elements from European languages, mainly English. The Japanese pattern of thinking has been periodically restructured throughout the history of the formation and development of their civilization. And every time at the moment of cardinal transformation of their culture one of the important if not the main factor was writing system, which served as a special mean of adjusting their culture and mentality. In recent decades, the algorithm of Japanese thinking has changed, adapting to the conditions of a new historical format (which corresponds to the synchronous type of thinking), while the Japanese writing largely preserves the traditional form, which corresponds mainly to the archaic type of thinking. As a result, objective cultural and psychological contradictions arise, and at the same time a need to find a way out of this difficult situation emerges, perhaps by further reforming the existing system of writing, creating a more adequate system of written signs that would correspond to the imperatives of the modern socio-cultural paradigm.

scholarly journals Colônia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Petit
Keyword(s):  
Legal History ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
Multiple Power ◽  
Latin Term ◽  
Over Time

COLÔNIA COLONY Carlos Petit*** RESUMO: O uso do termo colonia ao longo do tempo, desde o termo latino, deu-lhe múltiplos sentidos que se foi somando em uma dispersão de significados, empregos e usos. Suas ambiguidades passam a diversas línguas em um emprego que traz uma forma transversal ao pensarmos no uso mais corrente, a expansão e o domínio das potencias europeias. Poderia se dizer que o conceito é constitutivamente confuso. Mas, o entendimento que colonia atua como centro de uma rede descritiva de múltiplas experiências de poder suscetíveis de análise com significados, no fundo, bastante homogêneos, seria uma possibilidade de entendimento bastante recorrente. Com a persistência do vocábulo em qualquer das línguas europeias se observa uma certa homogeneidade morfológica, e o leque de aplicabilidade se torna um labirinto de novas experiências linguísticas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Colônia. Termo-Conceito. Linguística. História Do Direito. ABSTRACT: The use of the term colony over time, from the Latin term, gave it multiple meanings that have been adding into a dispersion of meanings, employments and uses. Its ambiguities passed to several languages in an employment that brings a transversal shape when we think about the more common use, the expansion and the domain of European powers. It could be said that the concept is constitutively confuse. However, the understanding that colony acts as the center of a descriptive network of multiple power experiences susceptible of analysis with meanings, basically, quite homogeneous, would be a possibility of fairly frequent understanding. With the persistence of the word in any of the European languages it is observed a certain morphological homogeneity, and the range of applicability becomes a maze of new linguistic experiences. KEYWORDS: Colony. Term – Concept. Linguistics. Legal History. * Professor catedrático da Universidade de Huelva, Espanha.** Projeto de pesquisa nº BJU 2000-1174 (Ministério espanhol de Ciência e Tecnologia). Cedo à solicitação de Mario Da Passono e reproduzo, com mínimas reelaborações e umas quantas notas, o texto de minha intervenção no encontro sobre Le colonie penali nell’Europa dell’Ottocento (Porto Torres, 25 de maio 2001).*** Tradução de Jairdilson da Paz Silva, doutor em História do Direito Constitucional pela Universidade de Salamanca, Membro Investigador do Grupo de Investigação sobre as Independências da Universidade de Salamanca – INDUSAL.

PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF CREATIVITY OF ALISHER NAVOI IN FRENCH ORIENTAL STUDIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Mukhammadjon Kholbekov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Famous People ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Information about Navoi began to reach Europe as early as the 17th century. Over time, he became one of the most famous people of the East in Europe. His works are translated into some European languages in separate fragments. Similar works have been translated in France, England, Italy, Holland, and other countries [Захидов 1961:13-14]. In the 19th century, the study of Navoi art in these countries was especially intensified. His works are translated, scientific works about his work are written, dictionaries for his works are compiled, etc

scholarly journals Scramble, Scurry and Dash: The Correlation between Motion Event Encoding and Manner Verb Lexicon Size in Indo-European

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Verkerk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Shared History ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Motion Verb ◽  
Verb Lexicon ◽  
Over Time

In recent decades, much has been discovered about the different ways in which people can talk about motion (Talmy, 1985, 1991; Slobin, 1996, 1997, 2004). Slobin (1997) has suggested that satellite-framed languages typically have a larger and more diverse lexicon of manner of motion verbs (such as run, fly, and scramble) when compared to verb-framed languages. Slobin (2004) has claimed that larger manner of motion verb lexicons originate over time because codability factors increase the accessibility of manner in satellite-framed languages. In this paper I investigate the dependency between the use of the satellite-framed encoding construction and the size of the manner verb lexicon. The data used come from 20 Indo-European languages. The methodology applied is a range of phylogenetic comparative methods adopted from biology, which allow for an investigation of this dependency while taking into account the shared history between these 20 languages. The results provide evidence that Slobin’s hypothesis was correct, and indeed there seems to be a relationship between the use of the satellite-framed construction and the size of the manner verb lexicon.

Finnish -Ariderivatives: A diachronic study of a new word-formation pattern

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-63
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Very Old ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Formation Pattern ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Over Time

Among the characteristic features of the Finnish language is the use of numerous derivational affixes and diverse word-formation options. Although Finnish has very old derivational elements, fairly recent suffixes and even completely new ways of forming words are also found. It is typical of word-formation options that they change, and that their frequency and popularity varies over time. In this diachronic study, the focus is on one of the most recent suffixes used in the Finnish language, the agentive-Arisuffix (e.g.kaahari‘reckless driver’,kuohari‘gelder of animals’). What makes the-Ariderivatives special is that the type has been adopted on the model of words borrowed from the Germanic languages. Historically these are descended from the Latin derivational element -ārius, which was adopted widely in the European languages. The main purpose of the present study was to find out whether, from a diachronic perspective, the -Ari-derived agent nouns actually represent an independent derived semantic category in Finnish. Another purpose was to characterize the process whereby the-Arisuffix was adopted in Finnish: at what point do these derived forms actually first occur in Finnish, and how has the use of the derivational element been manifested at different times. A final significant task of the study was to clarify the potential reasons and motivations for this morphological borrowing.

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