Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Detection of Resistance Genes to Clindamycin and Erythromycin

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major threat to public health. This study investigated the occurrence of MRSA in humans, chickens, chicken meat and environmental samples within poultry farms and live bird markets in southwestern Nigeria. Methods: MRSA were isolated using selective culture and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. Selected isolates were characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS). From WGS data, spa, dru, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec types, but also virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, were identified. Results: Fifty-six MRSA isolates were detected in 734 samples. They showed resistance to β-lactams (100%), tetracycline (60.7%), ciprofloxacin (33.9%), erythromycin (28.6%), gentamicin (32.1%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10.7%). All 30 isolates investigated by WGS carried mecA, dfrG, and tet(38) genes. Other resistance genes detected were blaZ (83.3%), fosB (73.3%), tet(K) (60.0%), aacA-aphD (36.6%), aphA3 (33.3%), msr(A) (30.0%), mph(C) (30.0%), dfrS1 (3.3%), and sat4 (3.3%). Seven spa types (t091, t314, t657, t1476, t2331, t4690 and t12236), four known (dt9aw, dt10ao, dt10cj, and dt11a) and two novel (dt10dr and dt11dw) dru types, as well as five sequence types (ST8, ST121, ST152, ST772 and ST789) were found among the MRSA isolates. All ST121 isolates carried an SCCmec type IV cassette and were not dru-typeable. ST152 and ST121 were found only in specific sample categories within defined locations, while ST8 and ST772 were distributed across most sample categories and locations. Three SCCmec types, IVa, V and Vc, were identified. All MRSA isolates possessed virulence genes including aur, clpP, coa, fnbA, esaA, hly, hla, ica, isdA, srtB, sspA, and vWbp, among others. The toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst) was not detected in any isolate, whereas the Pantone–Valentine leukocidin genes lukF-PV/lukS-PV were present in all ST121, all ST772, and all but one ST152 isolates. Conclusion: The results of this study (i) showed that chicken meat is contaminated by MRSA and (ii) suggested that live bird markets may serve as focal points for the dissemination of MRSA within the community.

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Prevalence of Resistance Mechanisms against Macrolides and Lincosamides in Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in the Czech Republic and Occurrence of an Undefined Mechanism of Resistance to Lincosamides

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.49.8.3586-3589.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 49 (8) ◽

pp. 3586-3589 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Gabriela Novotna ◽

Václava Adamkova ◽

Jiri Janata ◽

Oto Melter ◽

Jaroslav Spizek

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

High Occurrence ◽

Mechanism Of Resistance ◽

Staphylococcus Haemolyticus

ABSTRACT High occurrence of the non-macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes msrA (53%) and linA/linA′ (30%) was found among 98 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci additionally resistant to macrolides and/or lincosamides. The gene msrA predominated in Staphylococcus haemolyticus (43 of 62 isolates). In Staphylococcus epidermidis, it was present in 7 of 27 isolates. A novel mechanism of resistance to lincosamides appears to be present in 10 genetically related isolates of S. haemolyticus in the absence of ermA, ermC, msrA, and linA/linA′.

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Determination of norvancomycin epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa414 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 152-159

Author(s):

Qiwen Yang ◽

Xue Li ◽

Peiyao Jia ◽

Christian Giske ◽

Gunnar Kahlmeter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Staphylococcus Haemolyticus ◽

Staphylococcus Hominis

Abstract Objectives To determine the epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) of norvancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis. Methods We collected 1199 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus species from five laboratories located in four cities in China. MICs and inhibitory zone diameters of norvancomycin were determined by broth microdilution and the disc diffusion method, separately. ECOFFs of norvancomycin for four species were calculated by ECOFFinder software following EUCAST principles. Methicillin and vancomycin resistance genes (mecA/mecC and vanA/vanB/vanC/vanD/vanE) were screened for by PCR in all isolates. Pearson correlation and χ2 test were used to calculate the correlation of MICs and inhibition zone diameters, and MICs and resistance genes, respectively. Results MICs of norvancomycin for all strains from five laboratories fell in the range of 0.12–2 mg/L. ECOFFs of norvancomycin were determined to be 2 mg/L for S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus and 1 mg/L for S. aureus and S. hominis. A weak correlation was observed between MIC values and zone diameters for S. haemolyticus (r = −0.36) and S. hominis (r = −0.26), while no correlation was found for S. epidermidis and S. aureus. The mecA gene was detected in 63.1% of Staphylococcus, whereas no isolate carried mecC, vanA, vanB, vanC, vanD or vanE. ECOFFs of norvancomycin were not correlated with mecA gene carriage in Staphylococcus species. Conclusions ECOFFs of norvancomycin for four Staphylococcus species were determined, which will be helpful to differentiate WT strains. The correlation of MICs and zone diameters of norvancomycin was weak in Staphylococcus species.

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Determination of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in canine Clostridium perfringens isolates

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.021 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 113 (1-2) ◽

pp. 97-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Elizabeth J. Kather ◽

Stanley L. Marks ◽

Janet E. Foley

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Clostridium Perfringens ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

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Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the Urine Samples of Iranian Dogs: Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern and Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/4180490 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amirhossein Yousefi ◽

Saam Torkan

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

E Coli ◽

Tract Infections

Resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections in dogs. The present research was done to study the prevalence rate and antimicrobial resistance properties of UPEC strains isolated from healthy dogs and those which suffered from UTIs. Four-hundred and fifty urine samples were collected and cultured. E. coli-positive strains were subjected to disk diffusion and PCR methods. Two-hundred out of 450 urine samples (44.4%) were positive for E. coli. Prevalence of E. coli in healthy and infected dogs was 28% and 65%, respectively. Female had the higher prevalence of E. coli (P=0.039). Marked seasonality was also observed (P=0.024). UPEC strains had the highest levels of resistance against gentamicin (95%), ampicillin (85%), amikacin (70%), amoxicillin (65%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (65%). We found that 21.50% of UPEC strains had simultaneously resistance against more than 10 antibiotics. Aac(3)-IV (77%), CITM (52.5%), tetA (46.5%), and sul1 (40%) were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes. Findings showed considerable levels of antimicrobial resistance among UPEC strains of Iranian dogs. Rapid identification of infected dogs and their treatment based on the results of disk diffusion can control the risk of UPEC strains.

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Genetic Determinism in Community Staphylococcus and Methicillin-Resistant Clinics in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science ◽

10.23958/ijirms/vol04-i07/707 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (07) ◽

Author(s):

AHOMBO Gabriel ◽

MOYEN Rachel ◽

BALOKI NGOULOU Tarcisse ◽

KAYATH Aimé Christian ◽

ONTSIRA NGOYI Nina Esther

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

P Value ◽

Republic Of Congo ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Clinical Strains ◽

Mueller Hinton ◽

The City

In order to demonstrate the transmission of resistance genes between clinical bacteria and community bacteria, 78 strains of Staphylococcus including 56 (71.79%) community strains and 22 (28.21%) clinical strains were isolated and identified according to classical methods of microbiology. The resistance pattern was determined by the standard Mueller Hinton diffusion method. The phenotype of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci was investigated from the oxacillin disc and cefoxitin. PCRs were performed on 45 DNA strains of Staphylococcus including 25 (55.56%) of community strains and 20 (44.44%) of clinical strains resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin alone or associated. Phenotypic results indicate that norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, kanamycine were more active on community Staphylococci. In clinical Staphylococcus, only tobramycin was more active. The differences were significant between the resistance frequencies of community and clinical Staphylococci for some antibiotics with a P value ˂0.05. The mec A gene was identified in 9 community S.aureus strains, 6 clinical strains of Staphylococcus. The fragments of the amplified gene were of the same molecular weight (500bp), which suggests a spread of clinical strains in the city.

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