The variation of 5 -carboxycytosine localization within the nucleus of normal and cancerous cells

: The development of recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) as a novel therapeutic strategy has made a revolution in the treatment of cancer. RITs are resulting from the fusion of antibodies to toxin proteins for targeting and eliminating cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. Despite indisputable outcomes of RITs regarding inhibiting multiple cancer types, high immunogenicity has been known as the main obstacle in the clinical use of RITs. Various strategies have been proposed to overcome these limitations, including immunosuppressive therapy, humanization of the antibody fragment moiety, generation of immunotoxins originated from endogenous human cytotoxic enzymes, and modification of the toxin moiety to escape the immune system. This paper devoted to reviewing recent advances in the design of immunotoxins with lower immunogenicity.

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Tubulin Proteins in Cancer Resistance: A Review

Current Drug Metabolism ◽

10.2174/1389200221666200226123638 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 178-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Amjad Kamal ◽

Maryam Hassan Al-Zahrani ◽

Salman Hasan Khan ◽

Mateen Hasan Khan ◽

Hani Awad Al-Subhi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

High Rate ◽

Vinca Alkaloids ◽

Cancer Resistance ◽

New Approach ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Cell Cycle Genes ◽

Cancerous Cells ◽

Β Tubulin

Cancer cells are altered with cell cycle genes or they are mutated, leading to a high rate of proliferation compared to normal cells. Alteration in these genes leads to mitosis dysregulation and becomes the basis of tumor progression and resistance to many drugs. The drugs which act on the cell cycle fail to arrest the process, making cancer cell non-responsive to apoptosis or cell death. Vinca alkaloids and taxanes fall in this category and are referred to as antimitotic agents. Microtubule proteins play an important role in mitosis during cell division as a target site for vinca alkaloids and taxanes. These proteins are dynamic in nature and are composed of α-β-tubulin heterodimers. β-tubulin specially βΙΙΙ isotype is generally altered in expression within cancerous cells. Initially, these drugs were very effective in the treatment of cancer but failed to show their desired action after initial chemotherapy. The present review highlights some of the important targets and their mechanism of resistance offered by cancer cells with new promising drugs from natural sources that can lead to the development of a new approach to chemotherapy.

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Eurycoma longifolia, A Potential Phytomedicine for the Treatment of Cancer: Evidence of p53-mediated Apoptosis in Cancerous Cells

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450118666170718151913 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 1109-1126 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hnin Ei Thu ◽

Zahid Hussain ◽

Isa Naina Mohamed ◽

Ahmad Nazrun Shuid

Keyword(s):

Eurycoma Longifolia ◽

Cancerous Cells

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Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway as a New Mechanism to Exploit Cancer Drug Resistance

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557520666200103114556 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 779-787

Author(s):

Kajal Ghosal ◽

Christian Agatemor ◽

Richard I. Han ◽

Amy T. Ku ◽

Sabu Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Dna Repair ◽

Fanconi Anemia ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Cancer Drugs ◽

Repair Pathway ◽

Cancer Drug Resistance ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Cancerous Cells

Chemotherapy employs anti-cancer drugs to stop the growth of cancerous cells, but one common obstacle to the success is the development of chemoresistance, which leads to failure of the previously effective anti-cancer drugs. Resistance arises from different mechanistic pathways, and in this critical review, we focus on the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway in chemoresistance. This pathway has yet to be intensively researched by mainstream cancer researchers. This review aims to inspire a new thrust toward the contribution of the FA pathway to drug resistance in cancer. We believe an indepth understanding of this pathway will open new frontiers to effectively treat drug-resistant cancer.

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Animal Venoms have Potential to Treat Cancer

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026619666181221120817 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (30) ◽

pp. 2555-2566 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bhaswati Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Cancer Therapeutics ◽

Sea Anemones ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Inhibition Of Proliferation ◽

Cycle Arrest ◽

Venomous Animals ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Cancerous Cells ◽

Animal Venoms ◽

Proteins And Peptides

The resistance to chemotherapeutics by the cancerous cells has made its treatment more complicated. Animal venoms have emerged as an alternative strategy for anti-cancer therapeutics. Animal venoms are cocktails of complex bioactive chemicals mainly disulfide-rich proteins and peptides with diverse pharmacological actions. The components of venoms are specific, stable, and potent and have the ability to modify their molecular targets thus making them good therapeutics candidates. The isolation of cancer-specific components from animal venoms is one of the exciting strategies in anti-cancer research. This review highlights the identified venom peptides and proteins from different venomous animals like snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees, wasps, snails, toads, frogs and sea anemones and their anticancer activities including inhibition of proliferation of cancer cells, their invasion, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and the identification of involved signaling pathways.

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Development of A Novel System Based on Green Magnetic / Graphene Oxide / Chitosan /Allium Sativum / Quercus / Nanocomposite for Targeted Release of Doxorubicin Anti-Cancer Drug

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520620666200213105203 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 1094-1104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Omid Arjmand ◽

Mehdi Ardjmand ◽

Ali M. Amani ◽

Mohmmad H. Eikani

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Cytotoxicity Assay ◽

Targeted Treatment ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Magnetic Graphene Oxide ◽

Magnetic Graphene ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Cancerous Cells ◽

Targeted Release

Background: Doxorubicin, as a strong anti-cancer agent for clinical treatment of various cancer types along with other drugs, is widely utilized. Due to the physiology of the human body and cancerous tissues, the applicability of doxorubicin is still limited and the targeted treatment of the different types of cancers is considered. Also, the side effects of the conventional forms of chemotherapy medicines, damaging and stressing the normal cells are considerable. Objective: This study introduces a novel and effective system for the targeted release of doxorubicin by successfully fabricating the green magnetic graphene oxide, chitosan, allium sativum, and quercus nanocomposite. Methods: The in vitro release of doxorubicin loaded on the nanocomposite was evaluated and investigated at pH 7.4 and 6.5, respectively. The drug diffusivity in the plasma environment was assessed for a more accurate analysis of the drug diffusion process. The nanocomposite loaded drug release mechanism and kinetics, as well as cytotoxicity assay was investigated. Results: The efficiency of the drug encapsulation was significantly enhanced using natural extract ingredients and consequently, the efficacy of the targeted treatment of cancerous tissues was improved. The developed nanocomposite provided a controlled release of doxorubicin in similar acidic conditions of the normal and cancerous cells and affirming that the fabricated system is thoroughly pH-dependent. Conclusion: The cytotoxicity assay confirmed that the fabricated nanocomposite at a high growth rate of cancerous cells has an anticancer property and acts as a toxic agent against tumor cells, suggesting that in conjunction with doxorubicin, it can be highly improved for killing cancerous cells.

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Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Practice against Cancer

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520620666200703191653 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (16) ◽

pp. 1895-1907

Author(s):

Navgeet Kaur ◽

Anju Goyal ◽

Rakesh K. Sindhu

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Therapeutic Agent ◽

Hematologic Malignancies ◽

Immune Checkpoints ◽

Malignant Cells ◽

Main Target ◽

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Cancerous Cells

The importance of monoclonal antibodies in oncology has increased drastically following the discovery of Milstein and Kohler. Since the first approval of the monoclonal antibody, i.e. Rituximab in 1997 by the FDA, there was a decline in further applications but this number has significantly increased over the last three decades for various therapeutic applications due to the lesser side effects in comparison to the traditional chemotherapy methods. Presently, numerous monoclonal antibodies have been approved and many are in queue for approval as a strong therapeutic agent for treating hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The main target checkpoints for the monoclonal antibodies against cancer cells include EGFR, VEGF, CD and tyrosine kinase which are overexpressed in malignant cells. Other immune checkpoints like CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-1 receptors targeted by the recently developed antibodies increase the capability of the immune system in destroying the cancerous cells. Here, in this review, the mechanism of action, uses and target points of the approved mAbs against cancer have been summarized.

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Development and In Vitro Characterization of Paclitaxel Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Current Nanomedicine ◽

10.2174/2405461503666180518093824 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 76-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Nithya ◽

K. Siram ◽

R. Hariprasad ◽

H. Rahman

Keyword(s):

Zeta Potential ◽

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

In Vitro Release ◽

Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Release Profile ◽

Mcf7 Cells ◽

Solid Lipid ◽

Cancerous Cells ◽

Vitro Release

Background: Paclitaxel (PTX) is a potent anticancer drug which is highly effective against several cancers. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with anticancer drugs can enhance its toxicity against tumor cells at low concentrations. Objective: To develop and characterize SLNs of PTX (PSLN) to enhance its toxicity against cancerous cells. Method: The solubility of PTX was screened in various lipids. Solid lipid nanoparticles of PTX (PSLN) were developed by hot homogenization method using Cutina HR and Gelucire 44/14 as lipid carriers and Solutol HS 15 as a surfactant. PSLNs were characterized for size, morphology, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, physical state of the drug and in vitro release profile in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The ability of PTX to enhance toxicity towards cancerous cells was tested by performing cytoxicity assay in MCF7 cell line. Results: Solubility studies of PTX in lipids indicated better solubility when Cutina HR and Gelucire 44/14 were used. PSLNs were found to possess a neutral zeta potential with a size range of 155.4 ± 10.7 nm to 641.9 ± 4.2 nm. In vitro release studies showed a sustained release profile for PSLN over a period of 48 hours. SLNs loaded with PTX were found to be more toxic in killing MCF7 cells at a lower concentration than the free PTX.

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Green Synthesis of CeO2 Nanoparticles from the Abelmoschus esculentus Extract: Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Wound-Healing Activities

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26154659 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (15) ◽

pp. 4659

Author(s):

Hafiz Ejaz Ahmed ◽

Yasir Iqbal ◽

Muhammad Hammad Aziz ◽

Muhammad Atif ◽

Zahida Batool ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽

Ceo2 Nanoparticles ◽

Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Hydrogel Membrane ◽

Cancerous Cells

Metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the biological method represent the most recent research in nanotechnology. This study reports the rapid and ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles mediated using the Abelmoschus esculentus extract. The medicinal plant extract acts as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The characterization of CeO2 NPs was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The in vitro cytotoxicity of green synthesized CeO2 was assessed against cervical cancerous cells (HeLa). The exposure of CeO2 to HeLa cells at 10–125 µg/mL caused a loss in cellular viability against cervical cancerous cells in a dose-dependent manner. The antibacterial activity of the CeO2 was assessed against S. aureus and K. pneumonia. A significant improvement in wound-healing progression was observed when cerium oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into the chitosan hydrogel membrane as a wound dressing.

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