scholarly journals Evaluating the consumption of energy sources for rose oil production

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Stepan Garo Akterian
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Rose Oil

The evaluation is related to two installations for water-steam distillation in a capacity of around 10 t rose flowers in case of 24-hour operation. It was specified that the specific consumptions per 1 kg processed rose flowers are as follow: 4 kg/kg for steam, 8 MJ/kg for heat energy, 0.26 kg/kg for natural gas (PNG, CNG), 0.28 kg/kg for LPG, 0.31 kg/k g for fuel oil, 0.90 kg/kg for wood pellets, 1.54 kg/kg for wood chips, 107 kJ/kg for electric energy, 10 L/kg for cooling water and 4.2 L/kg for tap water. The specific consumptions per 1 kg produced rose oil are about 14 t/kg for steam, 29 GJ/kg for heat energy, 914 kg/kg for natural gas, 982 kg/kg for LPG, 1080 kg/kg for fuel oil, 3196 kg/kg for wood pellets, 16301 kg/kg for wood chips. The costed shares related to the price of 1 kg rose oil are as follow: 21.4 % in case of using fuel oil, 13.9 % for LPG, 9.9 % for PNG, 9.7 % for CNG, 7 % for wood pellets, 4 % for wood chips; 0.32 % for tap water, 0.17 % for electrical energy.

Energy Consumption and Emissions Analysis of Natural Gas Exploitation

2011 ◽  
Vol 335-336 ◽  
pp. 1525-1529
Author(s):  
You Shan Gao ◽  
Ai Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Emission

Abstract. This paper analyzed the primary energy consumption and emission of VOC, CO, NOx, SO2, PM, CO2, CH4, N2O during natural gas (NG) exploitation, it showing that more than 65% of VOC, NOX, SOx, CH4, CO2and greenhouse gas were discharged by electric energy and heat energy consumption during NG exploitation in all technique energy emission. Because of its important in NG exploitation, the consumption of electric energy and heat energy and its emissions produced should be reduced in order to reduce the emissions of NG exploitation.

scholarly journals Liquefied natural gas road transport: a simulation study in Mato Grosso, Brazil

TRANSPORTES ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2450
Author(s):  
Dorival Suriano Dos Santos Júnior ◽  
Anna Luisa Abreu Netto ◽  
Drielli Peyerl ◽  
Denis Martins Fraga ◽  
Edmilson Moutinho Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Simulation Results

The aim of this article is to evaluate the viability of transporting Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) by truck in the Mato Grosso (MT) state, Brazil, comparing the costs of substituting other energy sources for the Bolivian Natural Gas (NG) and estimating the potential available market in the five mesoregions of the state. The simulation results show a potential NG market of 2.1 MMm3/day at a competitive cost compared to the assessed fuels in the economic sectors evaluated in the MT state. LNG transported by road has shown to be more advantageous than electric energy and diesel oil. On the other hand, fuel oil costs were slightly lower than NG costs. This simulation can serve as inspiration to extend the use of small-scale LNG by road in states or countries with similar characteristics, especially those with the possibility of the constant supply of NG and limited pipeline network.

Air Quality Improvement by Reduction of Gas Turbines Emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Žarnovský ◽  
Viera Petková ◽  
Róbert Drlička ◽  
Jozef Dobránsky
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Transit Performance

The most serious sources of the air pollution are the studied company compressor stations of the transit system equipped with the number of gas turbine. [1] Pipeline parts have smaller degree of importance and gas boiler and emergency resources of thermal and electric energy have minimum influence. These sources emit into atmosphere mainly nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, paraffine with the exception of the methane and unburned rest of the fuel. In comparison with these emissions are emissions of sulfur dioxide and the solid contaminations substances minimal, insignificant. Along with reduction of transit performance deploys the company in recent time significantly more energy effective power units for transit of natural gas. These drive units are mainly gas turbines burning part of transported natural gas. [2] Russian natural gas is used as a fuel which in comparison with the others kinds of fuels contains only little amount of sulfur and contain almost no As, Na and heavy metals. The main parts of combustions are CO2, CO, NOx which are products of burning and N2, O2, untouched atmosphere elements. CO and NOx are considered to be harmful substances.

Seawater Scrubbing for the Removal of Sulfur Dioxide in a Steam Turbine Power Plant

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akili D. Khawaji ◽  
Jong-Mihn Wie
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

The most popular method of controlling sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in a steam turbine power plant is a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process that uses lime/limestone scrubbing. Another relatively newer FGD technology is to use seawater as a scrubbing medium to absorb SO2 by utilizing the alkalinity present in seawater. This seawater scrubbing FGD process is viable and attractive when a sufficient quantity of seawater is available as a spent cooling water within reasonable proximity to the FGD scrubber. In this process the SO2 gas in the flue gas is absorbed by seawater in an absorber and subsequently oxidized to sulfate by additional seawater. The benefits of the seawater FGD process over the lime/limestone process and other processes are; 1) The process does not require reagents for scrubbing as only seawater and air are needed, thereby reducing the plant operating cost significantly, and 2) No solid waste and sludge are generated, eliminating waste disposal, resulting in substantial cost savings and increasing plant operating reliability. This paper reviews the thermodynamic aspects of the SO2 and seawater system, basic process principles and chemistry, major unit operations consisting of absorption, oxidation and neutralization, plant operation and performance, cost estimates for a typical seawater FGD plant, and pertinent environmental issues and impacts. In addition, the paper presents the major design features of a seawater FGD scrubber for the 130 MW oil fired steam turbine power plant that is under construction in Madinat Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah, Saudi Arabia. The scrubber with the power plant designed for burning heavy fuel oil containing 4% sulfur by weight, is designed to reduce the SO2 level in flue gas to 425 ng/J from 1,957 ng/J.

scholarly journals Possibilities of heat energy recovery from greywater systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 03003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Niewitecka
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Heat Recovery System ◽  
Sewage Systems

Waste water contains a large amount of heat energy which is irretrievably lost, so it is worth thinking about the possibilities of its recovery. It is estimated that in a residential building with full sanitary fittings, about 70% of the total tap water supplied is discharged as greywater and could be reused. The subject of the work is the opportunity to reuse waste water as an alternative source of heat for buildings. For this purpose, the design of heat exchangers used in the process of greywater heat recovery in indoor sewage systems, public buildings as well as in industrial plants has been reviewed. The possibility of recovering heat from waste water transported in outdoor sewage systems was also taken into consideration. An exemplary waste water heat recovery system was proposed, and the amount of heat that could be obtained using a greywater heat recovery system in a residential building was presented. The work shows that greywater heat recovery systems allow for significant savings in preheating hot tap water, and the rate of cost reimbursement depends on the purpose of the building and the type of installation. At the same time, the work shows that one should adjust the construction solutions of heat exchangers and indoor installations in buildings to the quality of the medium flowing, which is greywater.

scholarly journals Vapor Recovery from Condensate Storage Tanks Using Gas Ejector Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Palash K Saha ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Recovery Unit ◽  
Yearly Saving

This paper demonstrates a method of recovering the low pressure vapor from the condensate tanks in the Bibiyana gas field. This method uses a gas ejector as a device to compress the low pressure natural gas from the condensate tanks to an intermediate pressure, which would then be fed into the intermediated stage of the existing vapor recovery unit. Thus the natural gas will be saved which would have been otherwise flared. The amount of tank vapor is estimated by different methods, which shows a significant amount of gas is now being flared. Flaring of gas is a problem which entails both economic loss and environmental concerns. It is estimated that, on the average 190 MSCFD tank vapor can be recovered using the proposed method involving a gas ejector. Thus yearly saving would be about 68 MMSCF of natural gas. The equivalent heat energy saving is about 74.55X109 BTU. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, this project will reduce about 1,112 tons of CO2 emissions per year in the gas plant locality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15856 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 1, June 2012: 37-41

Semi–Empirical Predictions and Correlations of NOx Emissions From Utility Combustion Turbines

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Newburry ◽  
Arthur M. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
Thermal Nox ◽  
Semi Empirical

Semi–empirical equations model the dominant subprocesses involved in pollutant emissions by assigning specific times to the fuel evaporation, chemistry, and turbulent mixing. They then employ linear ratios of these times with model constants established by correlating data from combustors with different geometries, inlet conditions, fuels, and fuel injectors to make a priori predictions. In this work, thermal NOx emissions from two heavy–duty, dual fuel (natural gas and fuel oil #2) diffusion flame combustors designated A and B operating without inert injection are first predicted, and then correlated using three existing semi–empirical approaches termed the Lefebvre (AHL) model, the Rizk–Mongia (RM) model, and the characteristic time model (CTM). Heterogeneous effects were found to be significant, as fuel droplet evaporation times were required to align the natural gas and fuel oil data. Only the RM model and CTM were employed to study this phenomenon. The CTM achieved the best overall prediction and correlation, as the data from both combustors fell within one standard deviation of the predicted line. The AHL and RM models were not able to account for the geometries of the two combustors. For Combustor A the CTM parameter correlated the data in a highly linear manner, as expected, but for Combustor B there was significant curvature. Using the CTM this was shown to be a residence time effect.

Consumption of combustible minerals in the context of the targets of sustainable development of Ukraine and global environment changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3-4 (185-186) ◽  
pp. 109-125
Author(s):  
Myroslav Podolskyy ◽  
Dmytro Bryk ◽  
Lesia Kulchytska-Zhyhailo ◽  
Oleh Gvozdevych
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union

An analysis of Ukraine’s sustainable development targets, in particular in the field of energy, resource management and environmental protection, are presented. It is shown that regional energetic is a determining factor for achieving the aims of sustainable development. Changes in the natural environment in Ukraine due to external (global) and internal (local) factors that are intertwined and overlapped can cause threats to socio-economic development. It is proved that in the areas of mining and industrial activity a multiple increase in emissions of pollutants into the environment are observed. The comparison confirmed the overall compliance of the structure of consumption of primary energy resources (solid fossil fuels, natural gas, nuclear fuel, oil and petroleum products, renewable energy sources) in Ukraine and in the European Union, shows a steaby trend to reduce the share of solid fuels and natural gas and increasing the shares of energy from renewable sources. For example, in Ukraine the shares in the production and cost of electricity in 2018 was: the nuclear power plants – 54.33 % and in the cost – 26.60 %, the thermal power – 35.95 and 59.52 %, the renewable energy sources – 9.6 and 13.88 %. The energy component must be given priority, as it is crucial for achieving of all other goals of sustainable development and harmonization of socio-economic progress. The paper systematizes the indicators of regional energy efficiency and proposes a dynamic model for the transition to sustainable energy development of the region.

Neural Network Modeling of Coefficient of Burden Resistance to the Gas Movement in the Lower Part of the Blast Furnace in Conditions of Operation with Coke Nut

2016 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
pp. 487-491
Author(s):  
Salavat K. Sibagatullin ◽  
Aleksandr S. Kharchenko ◽  
Marina V. Potapova
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Neural Network Modeling ◽  
Coke Strength ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Consumption

A mathematical model based on the use of artificial neural networks for forecast of resistance coefficient of burden to the gas at the bottom of the blast furnace with using of coke nut by processing of data array for the OJSC "MMK" blast furnaces (capacity of 1370 m3), equipped with a chute-type bell-less charging device has been created. This test has shown the adequacy of the model to real data. Influence of such factors as characteristics of blast (oxygen content, temperature, natural gas and water steam consumption), iron ore (raw material consumption per time unit, FeO, MgO, Al2O3 content, fraction, basicity), coke (wearability (M10), impact strength (M25), coke strength reactivity (CSR), coke reactivity index (CRI)) on gas dynamics variation at the lower part of the black furnace have been determined. Average relative prediction error does not exceed 0.28 %, the maximum of the sample is 2.82 %. The oxygen content in the blast has the biggest effect on the burden resistance coefficient. When oxygen concentration is more than 25.2 %, the increase of natural gas consumption improves gas-dynamic conditions in the lower part of blast furnace. With the decrease of oxygen content in the blast, the influence of natural gas consumption on coefficient of burden resistance varies in the opposite direction. The reduction of coke wearability (M10) by 0.05 % abs. or the increase of coke strength reactivity (CSR) by 0.14 % abs. has compensated negative effect of coke nut (consumption 4 kg/t of iron) on blast furnace operation.

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