THE PERM CIS-URALS IN 5th–7th CENTURIES: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM USING GIS

The article on the base of GIS-technologies reconstructs the tribal settlement system of the “Harin time” (5th–7th centuries) in the Perm Cis-Ural region. The basis for reconstruction is materials of 45 sites, forming five territorial groups. Each of these groups can be interpreted as a community (tribe) settlement area with internal economic unity. The comparative analysis of topographical peculiarities of the sites location, specifics of space organization, population dynamics, probable population size, communication links of groups made it possible to distinguish two types of adaptive strategies of human interaction with the environment. The first type has a producing economy (cattle-breeding) as its basis. This type was situated within the Tuisko-Poludenskaya and Sylvenskaya groups. The location of the settlements on the terraces above the floodplain in groups of two or three villages at some distance (about 3 km) from the necropolis is typical for this type. There are two or three groups of settlements within one territory, the distance between groups is about 6 km. The boundaries of the territory can be marked by hillforts, making up a single defensive / signal line. The second type is oriented to the appropriating economy — hunting and gathering — and was typical for the northern territories of the region (the Lologskaya, Gainskaya and Velvinskaya groups). The location of cemeteries near settlements (no more than 1 km) is typical for these territories. In this case, one cemetery often adjoins one village. There are from one to three or more such groups within the territory. The distance between them is 3–4 km. As a rule, there is one single hillfort in the territorial groups. In the first type, we can see the prevalence of local “Glyadenovo” traditions, and in the second — of foreign “Kharino” ones.

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Small and Medium-Sized Towns in the Settlement System of the Russian North: 1939–2020

Arctic and North ◽

10.37482/issn2221-2698.2021.44.223 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 223-249

Author(s):

Viktor V. FAUZER ◽

◽

Andrey V. SMIRNOV ◽

Tatyana S. LYTKINA ◽

Galina N. FAUZER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Group ◽

Settlement System ◽

Large Cities ◽

The North ◽

Urban Settlements ◽

Russian North ◽

Dynamics Of Population ◽

The Difference ◽

Northern Territories ◽

The One

The article examines the settlement system of the Russian North, which was previously determined by decisions of ministries and departments, and now it is changing under the influence of resource corporations' activities. The focus is on small and medium-sized towns that are part of the supporting framework of settlement, ensuring connectivity of the northern territories. The authors analyze the dynamics of population, including urban one, and the population of small and medium-sized cities. The study identifies periods of upward and downward dynamics for each population group and settlements. If the country is drawing the population to the west, then in the North it is concentrated in the Asian part. The article shows that urban settlements were created multifunctional, with the monopoly of a city-forming enterprise, which, on the one hand, made them economically vulnerable, and on the other hand — more adaptable to external conditions. According to the author's methodology, small and medium towns are ranked according to the share of the population of these cities in the total population of the region. The authors have identified four groups of regions that have an insufficient, medium, high and excessive share of the population of small and medium towns; the optimal boundaries of this share are proposed. The authors have identified four groups of regions that have an insufficient, medium, high and excess share of the population of small and medium towns; the optimal boundaries of this share are proposed. The study revealed the similarity (concentration of the population in large cities) and the difference in the structure of settlements in the North (the share of the population living in small and medium urban settlements, is lower in the countryside). The research results will be applied in the development of strategic documents for the development of northern towns.

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“STEPPE CORRIDORS” OF ALAKUL PASTORALISTS: ISOTOPE AND PALEOBOTANICAL STUDIES AT THE CHEBARKUL III SETTLEMENT

Ural Historical Journal ◽

10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-26-38 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 26-38

Author(s):

Polina S. Ankusheva ◽

◽

Irina P. Alaeva ◽

Sergey A. Sadykov ◽

Yan Chuen Ng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Open Spaces ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

Δ13c And Δ15n ◽

Plant Seeds ◽

Isotopic Studies ◽

Northern Territories ◽

The Bronze Age

The paper is devoted to the determination of the preferred ecological niche of the Alakul population of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals and considers the problem of Andronovo colonization in the northern direction. Radiocarbon dating, paleobotanical and isotopic studies were carried out based on the Chebarkul III settlement materials. The Alakul period of the settlement dates back to the 18th–17th centuries BC. The species composition of plants from the settlement’s cultural layer is similar to the Bronze Age steppe settlements of the Southern Trans-Urals and mainly represented by plant seeds of the meadow and ruderal zones with a minimum amount of forest and the absence of domesticated plants. The δ13C, δ15N values in the livestock bones reflect the diet consisting of C3 photosynthesis type plants with a small proportion of C4 plants. The decreased values of δ13C and δ15N in comparison with the Late Bronze Age steppe sites in the Ural-Kazakhstan region may indicate a high moisture content of the settlement’s pastures. The data obtained indicate the preservation of the settled cattle-breeding model, which is typical for the steppe Alakul sites, with cattle grazing in the surrounding territories and the possible preparation of fodder for the winter. The development of northern territories by the Alakul populations took place in the landscape zones habitual for the steppe population: with the presence of open spaces, wide meadows for grazing animals, and preparing forage, as well as forests. For this reason, the so-called Chebarkul steppe corridor was also populated, capturing the shore of the lake of the same name, on which the settlement under study is located.

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Basic principles of creating a model of effective beef cattle breeding industry in the northern territories of the Russian Federation

Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production ◽

10.33284/2658-3135-103-3-46 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 46-57

Author(s):

Vladimir A Soloshenko ◽

◽

Sergey N Mager ◽

Bazarbay O Inerbaev ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

Basic Principles ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Northern Territories

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Adaptive combination of interventions required to reach population immunity due to stochastic community dynamics and limited vaccination

10.21203/rs.3.rs-716282/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Björn Goldenbogen ◽

Stephan Adler ◽

Oliver Bodeit ◽

Judith Wodke ◽

Ximena Escalera-Fanjul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Wide ◽

Community Dynamics ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

Adaptive Strategies ◽

Risk Groups ◽

The Elderly ◽

Human Interaction ◽

Adaptive Combination ◽

Population Immunity ◽

Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract Reaching population immunity against COVID-19 is proving difficult even in countries with high vaccination levels. We demonstrate that this in part is due to heterogeneity and stochasticity resulting from community-specific human-human interaction and infection networks. We address this challenge by community-specific simulation of adaptive strategies. Analyzing the predicted effect of vaccination into an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, we find that adaptive combinations of targeted vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are required to reach population immunity. Importantly, the threshold for population immunity is not a unique number but strategy and community dependent. Furthermore, the dynamics of COVID-19 outbreaks is highly community-specific: in some communities vaccinating highly interactive people diminishes the risk for an infection wave, while vaccinating the elderly reduces fatalities when vaccinations are low due to supply or hesitancy. Similarly, while risk groups should be vaccinated first to minimize fatalities, optimality branching is observed with increasing population immunity. Bimodality emerges as the infection network gains complexity over time, which entails that NPIs generally need to be longer and stricter. Thus, we analyze and quantify the requirement for NPIs dependent on the chosen vaccination strategy. Our simulation platform can process and analyze dynamic COVID-19 epidemiological situations in diverse communities world-wide to predict pathways to population immunity even with limited vaccination.

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Early Evidence of Producing Economy in the Hissar Culture: An Overview of Research Concepts

Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy ◽

10.14258/tpai(2021)1(33).-08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 128-143

Author(s):

Markovsky G. ◽

◽

Alisher kyzy S. ◽

Shnaider S. ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Early Stage ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Point Of View ◽

Neolithic Period ◽

Russian Science ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

Central Asian ◽

Hunting And Gathering ◽

Fertile Crescent

The transition to farming is a revolutionary step in human history. Domesticated species of cereals and small ruminants which spread from the territory of the countries of the Fertile Crescent appear in Central Asia during the early Neolithic period (the 6th — 5th millennium BC). In the middle of the 20th century several Neolithic cultures prominent for the Central-Asian region were defined: Jeitun, Kelteminar and Hissar. This publication is devoted to the consideration of the Hissar culture and the existing reconstructions of its economic structure. The Gissar culture is widespread on the territory of the Gissar-Alai and dates from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC. Since the late 1950s the researchers tried to determine the type of economy of the carriers of the Hissar culture: the early stage of agriculture and cattle breeding; hunting and gathering; nomadic cattle breeding. This article examines the main arguments “for” and “against” the existence of a productive economy in the Hissar culture, namely, cattle breeding. Based on a number of signs, such as the presence of long-term and short-term camps, a large number of bones of small ruminants, the availability of year-round pastures at the site, the absence of hunting tools in the toolkit, the team of authors agrees with the point of view of V. A. Ranova and G. F. Korobkova about the use of early cattle breeding by the Hissar people. However, this hypothesis requires additional elaboration using bioarchaeological research methods. Keywords: Central Asia, Hissaro-Alay, Hissar, Neolithic, pastopalism Acknowledgements: The analysis of the general problems was carried out with the support of the project of the Russian Science Foundation No. 19–78–10053 “Origin of the Industrial Economy in the Mountainous Part of Central Asia”, the analysis of materials from the Hissar culture was carried out within the framework of the research program No. 0329–2019–0002 “Ancient Cultural Processes in the Territory of Central Asia”.

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The Etymological Specificity of English-language Ecology Terms

Bulletin of Science and Practice ◽

10.33619/2414-2948/65/65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 530-535

Author(s):

A. Nigmatullina

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Space Debris ◽

Human Interaction ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

Language Ecology ◽

Environmental Disasters ◽

Global Environmental ◽

English Speaking ◽

Micro Level

The anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics, which brings to the fore the study of the human-language relationship, also correlates with the socio-ecological terminology: for the humanities, which includes philology, the terms of greatest interest are those that reveal various aspects of human interaction with nature, human influence on biological processes at various levels: from the micro-level (soil cultivation, cattle breeding, etc.) to the macro-level (global environmental disasters, space debris, etc.). The present article is an attempt to study the etymological specificity of English-speaking ecology terms in terms of anthropolinguistic approach.

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