scholarly journals TO THE DISCUSSION ON THE STOLYPIN REFORMS AND LIVING STANDARDS IN RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
Sergei A. Nefedov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Increase In Productivity ◽  
Historical Journal ◽  
Agrarian Crisis ◽  
Soviet Historiography ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article is devoted to the discussion on living standards in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century in the context of the P. A. Stolypin reform. This discussion has been ongoing for ten years ago and divided historians into two groups, “optimists” and “pessimists”. The “pessimists” adhered to the traditional position of pre-revolutionary economists (and Soviet historiography) about the “impoverishment” of the peasantry in the central regions of Russia. The “optimists” (both Western and Russian) defended the thesis of raising the peasants’ living standards. The most famous representatives of the “optimistic” school in Russia are B. N. Mironov and M. A. Davydov. The article analyzes the evolution of M. A. Davydov’s position, which can be judged by his latest article in “Ural Historical Journal”. If previously Davydov avoided mentioning the “agrarian crisis” in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, now he recognizes the existence of a “crisis of agrarian overpopulation” and considers the Stolypin reform as an attempt to mitigate this crisis. Davydov claims that this attempt was successful and the crisis was mitigated thanks to the “agrotechnological revolution”. However, the author of the article shows that in reality, the increase in crop yields was not associated with the Stolypin reform. The greatest increase in productivity was noted not in those provinces where the reform was carried out most intensively.

Atlas of economic complexity, Russian regional pages

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Lyubimov ◽  
M. V. Lysyuk ◽  
M. A. Gvozdeva
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
Diversification Strategies ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Well-established results indicate that export diversification might be a better growth strategy for an emerging economy as long as its GDP per capita level is smaller than an empirically defined threshold. As average incomes in Russian regions are likely to be far below the threshold, it might be important to estimate their diversification potential. The paper discusses the Atlas of economic complexity for Russian regions created to visualize regional export baskets, to estimate their complexity and evaluate regional export potential. The paper’s results are consistent with previous findings: the complexity of export is substantially higher and diversification potential is larger in western and central regions of Russia. Their export potential might become larger if western and central regions, first, try to join global value added chains and second, cooperate and develop joint diversification strategies. Northern and eastern regions are by contrast much less complex and their diversification potential is small.

Russian and Soviet historiography of the life and work of Anatoly Fedorovich Koni in the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11-1) ◽  
pp. 263-279
Author(s):  
Alexander Kodintsev ◽  
Danil Rybin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The study analyzes historical researches on the life and work of the outstanding Russian lawyer A. F. Koni. It is noted that several directions in the study of the personality of this figure can be distinguished. It is concluded that systematic study of the legacy of Koni in the context of the era, taking into account the accumulated knowledge, coupled with archival materials will recreate the real face of the remarkable humanist figure of Russia in the past era.

scholarly journals Assessments of the effects of permanent internal migration in the Russian literature at the late 19th and early 20th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Valentina M. Moiseenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Political Literature ◽  
Logical Conclusion ◽  
Research Task ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Agrarian Crisis

In the context of the agrarian crisis in Russia (USSR) in the second half of the 19th and the first third of the 20th century, much attention in the socio-political literature was paid to the migration of peasants to the extensive undeveloped areas, mainly to the east of the Ural mountains. The changing characteristics of migration and migration policies during this period have resulted in a variety of methods for assessing the effects of migration. The experience of the second half of the 19th and the first third of the 20th century is interesting not only in the dynamics of assessment of the effects, but also in the logical conclusion of the study of this problem. It is known that even today the effects of migration remain a complex and largely unsolved research task.

Living Standards in Britain 1900-2000: Women's Century?

2000 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 62-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Horrell
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Human Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Composite Measures

Two composite measures are calculated to map improvements in living standards over the 20th century: the Dasgupta–Weale index and the Human Development Index. A gendered version of the latter is also considered. Indicators of income, leisure, inequality, wealth, health, education and political rights are included. The indices reveal a century of progress. But progress has been neither continuous nor uniformly shared. Downturns are evident in some of the indicators since 1980, demonstrating that the gains are not immutable and need to be protected. Women‘s position has improved if the end of the century is compared to its beginning, but there has been little change in women's position relative to men's over the last few decades on the dimensions considered here.

scholarly journals Pottery of the late 16th — first quarter of the 18th c. from the Sofia yard of the Tobolsk Kremlin and the Upper town: comparative morphological analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
E.P. Zagvazdin ◽  
Ya.G. Zagvazdina
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Medieval Pottery ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
The City ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article presents morphological analysis of ceramic complexes from excavations in 2006 and 2017 in the city of Tobolsk. The pottery came from two areas: the Tobolsk Kremlin and the Upper town (9 Oktyabrskaya st.). Within this research, we aimed to conduct comparative analysis of morphology of the tableware from these sites to assess its similarities. From the two areas, 2261 ceramic fragments have been analyzed, and 200 vessels (counted by rims) from the late 16th c. — first quarter of the 18th c. layers have been identified. By the production technology, the dishes are non-glazed, made mainly on the pottery wheel. Hand-made ceramics have also been found in small quantity (less than 2 %). The assemblage is dominated by pot-like dishes (94.5 %). The proportion of cupped dishes is small. Other types of dishes (large pot, washbasin pot) have been found in single numbers. Based on the appearance of rims and necks, three types of pots and five types of bowls have been identified. Comparison has been made between the diameter of the mouth and the type of pot. Further examined were the frequency of occurrence of dishes with different colors and type of surface treatment, dimensions of bottoms, frequency of adding of sand to the surface of the pottery wheel. The assemblages have been compared to the late medieval ceramics of the northern, north-western and central regions of Russia, as well as the Urals and Siberia. Comparisons have been also made with the results of other studies of the Tobolsk ceramics. Statistics show that the pottery complexes are very similar to each other, both in large groups (pot-shaped and cup-shaped ware) and by other parameters (color and type of surface treatment, rim shape, mouth and bottom size, the ratio between types and diameters of pot mouths). Differences have been identified in the proportion of higher quality light gray dishes, being 2.5 times larger in the territory of the Upper town than in the Sofia yard. The difference is also expressed in proportions of the three types of pots. Type I prevails in the territory of the Upper town, and types II and III — in the Sofia court. Bowl-shaped dishes are diverse (3 types) and are present in both parts of the town. The quality light gray and black-glazed vessels of this type have been classified as tableware, partially for the lack of traces of soot. With this classification, the proportion of bowls defined as tableware constitutes 3 %. Comparison of the assemblages with the late medieval pottery from other regions of Russia revealed close analogies. But in terms of the general range of dishes, Tobolsk stands behind the cities of the European part of the country.

scholarly journals Neoindustrialization of Former Industrial Regions of Russia: The Example of “Titanium Valley"

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 327-331
Author(s):  
Alexander Burnasov ◽  
Maria Ilyushkina ◽  
Yuri Kovalev ◽  
Anatoly Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Industrial Regions ◽  
Non Ferrous Metals ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Russian economy in the 20th century experienced complex transformational processes. Havingintroduced the principles of a market economy, Russia has found itself under pressures of globalizationand neoindustrialization, which have had an effect on the nation’s industrial structure. Globalization hasexpanded state borders and opened the gates for Russian entrepreneurs to conquer world markets in oiland gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, engineering and chemical industries. The Urals region of Russiais developing in a very intensive way. The production cluster known as “Titanium Valley” was formedhere. This article throws light on some of the special features of its activity.

scholarly journals SUDEBNIK 1589: FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF PEASANT LAND OWNERSHIP AND LAND USE IN NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
N.V. Parshina ◽  
A.A. Chuprova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
North Western ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article is devoted to the legal review of the monument of law of the last quarter of the XVI century – the Sudebnik of 1589, namely, its norms on peasant land ownership and land use. The article analyzes the legislative regulation of land relations in the north-western lands of Russia with the help of historical-legal and comparative-legal methods. To summarize the results of the study, the authors also considered the norms of the Judicial Code of 1550, which regulate the above-mentioned circle of public relations, but are applied in the central regions of Russia, where serfdom existed and actively developed. The comparative characteristics of the legal regulation of land relations among the peasantry in these legal monuments allow us to assert the interdependence of the rights of the Russian landowner on the territorial factor. The authors come to the conclusion that the peculiarity of the legal regulation of land relations in the Judicial Code of 1589 was interconnected and mutually conditioned by the specifics of the social and social structure of Pomerania, on the territory of which its norms were distributed, and where, unlike the central regions of the Moscow Kingdom, the peasant population lived free from serfdom.

scholarly journals Black living standards in South Africa before democracy: New evidence from height

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bokang Mpeta ◽  
Johan Fourie ◽  
Kris Inwood
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black And White

Very little income or wage data were systematically recorded about the living standards of South Africa’s black majority during much of the 20th century. We used four data sets to provide an alternative measure of living standards – namely stature – to document, for the first time, living standards of black South Africans over the course of the 20th century. We found evidence to suggest that living standards in the first three decades of the century were particularly poor, perhaps because of the increasingly repressive labour policies in urban areas and famine and land expropriation that weighed especially heavily on the Basotho. The decade following South Africa’s departure from the gold standard, a higher international gold price and the demand for manufactured goods from South Africa as a consequence of World War II seem to have benefitted both black and white South Africans. The data also allowed us to disaggregate by ethnicity within the black population group, revealing levels of inequality within race groups that have been neglected in the literature. Finally, we compared black and white living standards, and revealed the large and widening levels of inequality that characterised 20th-century South Africa.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document