scholarly journals Disequilibrium linkage (gametic disequilibrium) of structural genes in the bovine population

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
V. S. Matyukov ◽  
V. G. Zainullin
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Gametic Disequilibrium ◽  
Repulsion Phase ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
Initial Difference ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

In the population of Kholmogor cattle (n=824), gametic disequilibrium was studied for alleles of the polymorphic loci β-Lg (LGB), β-Cn (CSN2) and æ-Cn (CSN3). In purebred Kholmogor cattle, the β-casein polymorphism is determined by three alleles with the frequencies of CSN2А 1 – 0.368±0.0076, CSN2А 2 – 0.497±0.0078, CSN2B – 0.136±0.0056 and the frequencies of acasein of CSN3А – 0.689 ±0.0061, CSN3B – 0.311±0.0061, respectively. The beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism is controlled by two alleles LGBA and LGBB with a frequency of 0.237±0.0048 and 0.763±0.0048, respectively. In the population of breeding plants, the gametic disequilibrium was revealed according to the alleles of loci CSN2 and LGB; CSN2 and CSN3. The factor that caused the gametic disequilibrium was probably the initial difference between native Russian cattle and black-and-white cattle of Western Europe on the basis of which the Kholmogor breed gene pool was developed. The population showed an excess of haplotypes β-CnВæ-CnВ, β-CnВβ-LgВ (the "attraction" phase), apparently inherited mainly from native Russian cattle, and β-CnА 1æ-CnА, β-CnА 2β-LgА characteristic mainly for black-and-white cattle of Western Europe and a lack of β-CnВæ-CnА, β-CnВβ-LgА (the "repulsion" phase), probably due to the low frequency of these haplotypes in both initial breeds. The role of various factors in the occurrence and maintenance of gamete disequilibrium is discussed. It is suggested that for alleles of non-linked loci, longtime retention of gametic disequilibrium in population is most likely supported by selection

scholarly journals THE VALUATION OF IMMUNOGENETICAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE DESCENDANTS OF DIFFERENT BULLS

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
V. Foksha ◽  
A. Konstandoglo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Third ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
Young Growth ◽  
Allele Pool

The article presents the results of detailed genetical valuation between the descendants of different bulls in the period from 2003 till 2013. The aim of this research was to give a detailed genetic evaluation of the descendants of different bulls used in the herd of STE "Maximovca" at the relevant period of time. The object of the study was the heifers of Moldovan type of black-and-white cattle – the descendants of 11 bulls. Blood groups were determined by standard serological tests with the use of 49 monospecific sera from 9 genetic systems. All the attested livestock of breeding young growth of 2003-2013 are authentic, that is proved by the materials of the expertise of the authenticity of origin. According to AEB-locus at the descendants of all the bulls, common from 25 studied antigens were only 6 – B2, G2, O2, Y2, E′2 and Q′. The low frequency of occurrence of antigens P2, Q, T1, K ', J'2, P' is peculiar mainly for all the analysed descendants. The smallest genetic distance is identified between the descendants of bulls Academic 767 and Senior 7415 – 0,1291, and the highest one – between the descendants of bulls Abhazian 835 and Dikii 788 – 0,3095. The descendants of the evaluated bulls form four separate clusters: the first cluster consists of descendants of bulls Senior – Academic, the second cluster – Abiturient – Captain, the third cluster – Abhazian – Kiperush and the fourth cluster – Meteor – Karas. Herewith the linear belonging of bulls in the first three clusters is different and only both bulls of the fourth cluster (Karas, Meteor) refer to bloodline of Vis Back Ideal. The total frequency of occurrence of the basic alleles varied from 0,2250 (the descendants of bull Kiperush 79) to 0,4071 (the descendants of bull Dikii 788). The lowest coefficient of homozygosity turned out to be at the descendants of Abiturient 861 and Svet 732 – 5,7%. The greatest genetical resemblance is revealed between the descendants of bulls Academic 767 and Senior 7415 (r=0,8709). It is observed the tendency of increasing coefficient of homozygosity (descendants, born in 2009-2013) – 18%, that led to the shortening of numbers of effective working alleles from 17,3 (the descendants of bull Abiturient) to 5,4 (descendants of bull Meteor) and to shortening of the indicator of the degree of the possible genetical changeability to 86,4%. Alleles which are inherent to Holstein American, Canadian and European selection – B2O2Y2D 'and B2G2 are identified in the allele pool of the descendants of bulls Dikii, Svet and Senior. Conclusions. The main specific gravity in the structure of the allele pool of blood groups at the descendants of different bulls occupies the alleles, identified in the previous research of the herd of STE "Maximovca". The descendants of 9 bulls are the carriers of 11 alleles of EAB-locus which are characteristic for Red Steppe breed (B1I1, B2O1Y2, G2O1, G2D′, O2B′, G2O1Y2, O1Y2, Y2D′, Y2Y′, P1I′, O2D′). The tendency of the coefficient of homozygosity growth at the descendants, born in 2009-2013 (Ca=18%), led to reduction of the number of effective alleles from 17,3 to 5,4 and decrease of the indicator of the possible genetic variability to 86.4%.

Calculation-and-experimental estimation of the role of the frequency ratio in changing the endurance at two-frequency deformation modes

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (1(I)) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Gadenin
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Cyclic Loads ◽  
Small Ratio ◽  
Harmonic Components ◽  
Deformation Modes

The cycle configuration at two-frequency loading regimes depends on the number of parameters including the absolute values of the frequencies and amplitudes of the low-frequency and high-frequency loads added during this mode, the ratio of their frequencies and amplitudes, as well as the phase shift between these harmonic components, the latter having a significant effect only with a small ratio of frequencies. Presence of such two-frequency regimes or service loading conditions for parts of machines and structures schematized by them can significantly reduce their endurance. Using the results of experimental studies of changes in the endurance of a two-frequency loading of specimens of cyclically stable, cyclically softened and cyclically hardened steels under rigid conditions we have shown that decrease in the endurance under the aforementioned conditions depends on the ratio of frequencies and amplitudes of operation low-frequency low-cycle and high-frequency vibration stresses, and, moreover, the higher the level of the ratios of amplitudes and frequencies of those stacked harmonic processes of loading the greater the effect. It is shown that estimation of such a decrease in the endurance compared to a single frequency loading equal in the total stress (strains) amplitudes can be carried out using an exponential expression coupling those endurances through a parameter (reduction factor) containing the ratio of frequencies and amplitudes of operation cyclic loads and characteristic of the material. The reduction is illustrated by a set of calculation-experimental curves on the corresponding diagrams for each of the considered types of materials and compared with the experimental data.

EPIZOOTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MODERN CATTLE LEUKEMIA

1970 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
V. V. Makarov ◽  
D. A. Lozovoy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Negative Order ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
National Programs

  Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) has been known for more than a century and a half. Its occurrence and registration may have historically been associated with intensive breeding of dairy cattle in Western Europe to increase target productivity. It is known that any limiting intervention in the nature of the animal organism is always accompanied by an uncontrolled and unpredictable change in the genotype of a wider range than the required, particularly negative order. In particular, a decrease in the resistance to macroorganisms and the possibility of the new diseases emergence, including infectious ones (for example, immunodeficiencies such as BLAD syndrome of black-motley cattle and stress syndrome in pigs, the occurrence of scrapie and other slow sheep infections). In the last two decades of the last century, in many disadvantaged countries, primarily Western European, national programs for the eradication of EBL have been developed and subsequently successfully implemented. First of all the motivation was the economy of dairy cattle breeding (mainly the extension of productive age, as well as the tightening of requirements in international trade in cattle and bull products, breeding, pricing, etc.). In an analytical article are reviewed the elements of epizootology of EBL in the foreign countries with special attention to the situation in the USA, scenarios of various control programs, and promising methods for assessing the role of infected animals in the epizootic process. A critical assessment of the problem of EBL in the Russian Federation is given, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of against leucosis measures are discussed.

The improvement of the type Karatomar of Black-and-White cattle breed under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
L. Ovchinnikova ◽  
E. Babich
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Northern Kazakhstan ◽  
White Breed ◽  
White Cattle

In the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past decade positive changes have been observed in increasing the number of farm animals, increasing their productivity, and increasing the gross production of milk, meat and other products. At the same time the development of dairy cattle breeding is mainly due to the breeding of Black-and-White, Red Steppe, Simmental breeds and their intra-breed types as well as imported from abroad Holstein breed. The purpose of the research was to analyze ways to improve the intra-breed type Karatomar of Black-and-White breed in Northern Kazakhstan. Research work has been carried out on breeding animals such as Karatomar type cattle of Black-and-White breed in LLP “Experimental farm Zarechnoe” in the Kostanay district in the Kostanay region. The dynamics of growth and development indicators, reproductive traits of heifers of a new intra-breed type Karatomar of Black-and-White cattle have been studied. A comprehensive assessment of their economically useful traits in the first lactation, determined by the resistance of animals to climatic and forage conditions, the efficiency of breeding of animals of different genotypes has been conducted. It has been found that the replacement heifers – daughters of American breeding sires inherited precocity and showed higher growth energy after 6 months of age and continued to grow rapidly until 18 months. The advantage in metabolism was in the daughters of Holstein sires of the American selection Orbit 4078, and the increased immune status of the organism in the daughters of the sire of the domestic selection Yamal 975 as the most adapted to the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The best ability to increasing the milk yield, stable lactation activity, high milk productivity, gross content of dry matter and nonfat milk solids have been characterized by the daughters of sires of the American selection Orbit 4078 and Lowrider 4129. Analysis of economic indicators of milk production has been shown that from cows – daughters of sires Orbit 4078 and Lowrider 4129 for 305 days of lactation received 15,8 and 15,2 % more milk of base fat, the expenditures of EFU per 1 kg of production was lower by 10,2 and 5,9 %. A higher level of profitability has been observed in the group of daughters of the sires Orbit 4078 – 35,5 % and Lowrider 4129 – 33,1 %, which was 8,5 and 10,8 % higher than in the group of daughters of the sire Yamal 975.

Emerging Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Commerce in India: A Study on Societal Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Utkarsh Kumar ◽  
Anil Kumar Gope ◽  
Shweta Singh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Mobile Commerce ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The People ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

In India, the position of mobile banking was in saga and this time, it is in pic position. The speedof reaching the people is going high and high. This is time of wireless world and sense of prestige; no doubt the mobile commerce is contributing to enhance the beauty of life and playing the role of metaphor and has become the part and parcel of our life. This growth has changed people to do business in mobile commerce (М- Commerce). Peoples are transferring to M-Commerce to attain good and fast transaction into market and saving their precious time. M-Commerce has become distinguished in Indian people, quickly during last few years. Due to large number of mobile application, growth rate in mobile penetration in India is increasing with the rapid speed. The mobile users has shifted to use the android phone from simple and black and white phone and taking the service of internet, the role of telecom companies is also important in the being popular of mobile commerce. Although many people have started E-Commerce but still a separate part of the society feel uncomfortable and hesitate to use M-Commerce because of security problems, payment issues and complexity of mobile applications. This paper identifies facts about the feasibility of MCommercein India today its growth and the Strength and opportunity, weakness and threats lying ahead.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildar Garipzanov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Sources Of Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Periods

The concluding chapter highlights how the cultural history of graphic signs of authority in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages encapsulated the profound transformation of political culture in the Mediterranean and Europe from approximately the fourth to ninth centuries. It also reflects on the transcendent sources of authority in these historical periods, and the role of graphic signs in highlighting this connection. Finally, it warns that, despite the apparent dominant role of the sign of the cross and cruciform graphic devices in providing access to transcendent protection and support in ninth-century Western Europe, some people could still employ alternative graphic signs deriving from older occult traditions in their recourse to transcendent powers.

scholarly journals High Ripple-Density Resolution for Discriminating Between Rippled and Nonrippled Signals: Effect of Temporal Processing or Combination Products?

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 233121652110101
Author(s):  
Dmitry I. Nechaev ◽  
Olga N. Milekhina ◽  
Marina S. Tomozova ◽  
Alexander Y. Supin
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Masker Level ◽  
Reference Signals ◽  
Forced Choice Procedure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Density Resolution

The goal of the study was to investigate the role of combination products in the higher ripple-density resolution estimates obtained by discrimination between a spectrally rippled and a nonrippled noise signal than that obtained by discrimination between two rippled signals. To attain this goal, a noise band was used to mask the frequency band of expected low-frequency combination products. A three-alternative forced-choice procedure with adaptive ripple-density variation was used. The mean background (unmasked) ripple-density resolution was 9.8 ripples/oct for rippled reference signals and 21.8 ripples/oct for nonrippled reference signals. Low-frequency maskers reduced the ripple-density resolution. For masker levels from −10 to 10 dB re. signal, the ripple-density resolution for nonrippled reference signals was approximately twice as high as that for rippled reference signals. At a masker level as high as 20 dB re. signal, the ripple-density resolution decreased in both discrimination tasks. This result leads to the conclusion that low-frequency combination products are not responsible for the task-dependent difference in ripple-density resolution estimates.

The Constitutional Court of South Africa: Thoughts on its 25-Year-Long Legacy of Judicial Activism

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Lucky Mathebe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Constitutional Democracy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Marginalised Groups

After almost 25 years of what could justifiably be called transformative change in South Africa, a truism is that the country’s new legal order, established by the Constitution in 1993 and 1996, provides the critical foundation of peace and security upon which its freedom has been built. The Constitutional Court was one of the most important of the new democratic institutions in the shaping of the country’s position as a constitutional democracy, upholding the values for which millions of people, black and white, had fought. This article is a brief reflection on the role of the Court in establishing the meaning of this democracy and giving it effect. The main goal of the article is to understand how the Court’s new jurisprudence works in particular contexts, how its work is related to crime and punishment, and what it means for the rights of marginalised groups in society. Using the examples of the Court’s decision in Makwanyane on the death penalty, and the Court’s decision on the findings of the Public Protector’s report on Nkandla, the article finds that the Court’s new jurisprudence takes quite a different view of legal developments in South Africa, insofar as the jurisprudence entrusts broad discretion to the Court and emphasises the need for sustained leadership of the Court to advance the battle for fundamental human rights, the rule of law, and democratic accountability.

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