EPIZOOTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MODERN CATTLE LEUKEMIA

1970 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
V. V. Makarov ◽  
D. A. Lozovoy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Negative Order ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
National Programs

  Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) has been known for more than a century and a half. Its occurrence and registration may have historically been associated with intensive breeding of dairy cattle in Western Europe to increase target productivity. It is known that any limiting intervention in the nature of the animal organism is always accompanied by an uncontrolled and unpredictable change in the genotype of a wider range than the required, particularly negative order. In particular, a decrease in the resistance to macroorganisms and the possibility of the new diseases emergence, including infectious ones (for example, immunodeficiencies such as BLAD syndrome of black-motley cattle and stress syndrome in pigs, the occurrence of scrapie and other slow sheep infections). In the last two decades of the last century, in many disadvantaged countries, primarily Western European, national programs for the eradication of EBL have been developed and subsequently successfully implemented. First of all the motivation was the economy of dairy cattle breeding (mainly the extension of productive age, as well as the tightening of requirements in international trade in cattle and bull products, breeding, pricing, etc.). In an analytical article are reviewed the elements of epizootology of EBL in the foreign countries with special attention to the situation in the USA, scenarios of various control programs, and promising methods for assessing the role of infected animals in the epizootic process. A critical assessment of the problem of EBL in the Russian Federation is given, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of against leucosis measures are discussed.

scholarly journals USA AND WESTERN EUROPEAN SANCTIONS POLICY WITH RESPECT TO RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
I. Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Balance

The implementation of the sanctions policy of the United States and Western Europe in relation to the Russian Federation has been analyzed. The objectives of the USA and European Union sanctions policies have been identified. The study has been based on the principles of a three-level classification of sanctions aimed at destabilizing the economy of the Russian Federation. Sectors of the economy and companies have been identified, that, have become objects of sanctions policy and have suffered more from USA and European Union sanctions. The role of sanctions as a toolkit, which can influence the political and economic balance of power in the world, has been defined. The opinion of representatives of business of foreign countries on the formation of anti-Russian sanctions has been reflected within the article. The features of the implementation of the sanctions policy in the digital block and cyberspace have been noted.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATION RESULTS OF HOLSTEIN BLACK-MOTLEY BREEDING BULLS BY THEIR DAUGHTERS’ PRODUCTIVITY BASED ON OFFICIAL INSTRUCTIONS AND BLUP MODEL

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
K.ZH. ZHUMANOV ◽  
◽  
T.N. KARYMSAKOV ◽  
M.A. KINEEV ◽  
M.V. TAMAROVSKIY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Current Instruction ◽  
The Republic

According to the current “Instruction” used in dairy cattle selection and breeding in the Republic of Kazakhstan, bulls-producers of dairy breeds are assessed according to the their offspring quality based on the principle of “peer daughter”. This means that the phenotypic indicators of the daughters of the tested bulls are compared with the corresponding indicators of their peers. In European countries with developed dairy cattle breeding, as well as in Canada, the USA, etc., to ensure a reliable forecast of the genetic value of individuals (primarily, bulls-producers), use is made of the best linear unbiased forecast method (BLUP method). This method implies that the breeding value of producers is determined by the deviation values of the development of traits of the examined animal from its average values in the population. Especially urgent area is the research aimed at improving breeding programs, including assessing the breeding value of bulls-producers of dairy breeds using BLUP methods based on the productive qualities of the mass of dairy cattle in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research material included the data on the phenotypic indicators of the milk productivity of first-calf cows (the amount of milk yield, the content of fat and protein in milk, the yield of milk fat and protein) of the Holstein black-motley dairy cattle breed, obtained from the information and analytical database of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2016–2017. It was found that when evaluating according to the official “Instruction”, 16 sires out of 256 bulls (6.2%) got the stud category in 2016, 14 sires (9.2%) out of 152 bulls in 2017, and – 30 sires of 249 bulls (12.0%) over the cumulative period. The results of the conducted research prove that the use of the classic “Instructions” in dairy cattle breeding has lower efficiency (by 42.8–90.0%) as compared with the assessment of the breeding value of bulls based on the BLUP method.The selection of sire bulls into breeding groups based on the “peer daughter” methodology is not reliable enough and rather ineffective. Comparing the results of assessing the breeding qualities of sire bulls, obtianed using two methods in all compared periods (2016, 2017, 2016–2017), the authors established a clear superiority of the BLUP method over the current Instruction used in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals Features of the American foreign direct investment: the role of the American holdings

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-252
Author(s):  
Yulia A. Konovalova ◽  
Verity-Alexia Liongo Monkisheme ◽  
Stepan A. Ushanov
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital Movement ◽  
Holding Companies ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scientific Opinion

Article is dedicated to the determination of key features of the United States participation in the international capital movement on the example of FDI outflows and inflows, and confirmation of its heterogeneous nature. Tax reform that has been implemented in the end of 2017 led to the result when USA was deleted of the list of TOP-20 world investors of 2018 (by UNCTAD). The scientific opinion and fears were connected with the forecasts that the tax reform could change the movement of FDI flows back to the USA from foreign countries, especially, and the countries with the low taxes and the most favorable investment regimes. At the same time, it needs to underline that the analysis of U.S. FDI inflows and outflows showed that the negative indicator of U.S. FDI outflow (export) in 2018-2019 was connected with the repatriation of U.S. holding companies profits, that were doing business in countries with the most favorable tax and investment regimes. The authors tried to investigate the nature of the American holdings role and the integration of U.S. in to the global system of FDI and capital movement.

scholarly journals Ideological foundations of modern political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the USA

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
N.N. Ravochkin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Management Institutions

The author examines the ideological foundations of political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the United States and presents its structure. Close attention is paid to the role of social ideas and the development of these issues in modern scientific directions. The author clarifies the principles of synthesis of ideal and institutional and shows three ways of ideological determination of political and legal institutional settings. The mutually conditioned nature of functioning of the system of ideological frameworks and management institutions is substantiated.

The development potential of Russian cattle breeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Chinarov
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Lost Potential

Production intensification at Russian cattle breeding was accompanied by negative trends in herd reproduction. Over a ten-year period, the productivity of the controlled dairy herd (more than 1.6 million heads) increased by 51.9%, and the average age of cows culling decreased from 5.3 to 4.6 years, which was the result of reduction in the period of animals productive use by 18.1%. Ignoring these objective processes and the lack of due attention to the breeding of cattle breeds with a higher productive longevity has led to the fact that at many herds of our country even simple reproduction is not provided. Repairing of the main herd is largely provided by purchased heifers, most of which are imported. The annual import volumes of breeding heifers increased by 81% and reached 72.6 thousand heads in 2019. At the same time, the import of bull semen is increasing, mainly (93.5%) of the Holstein breed from the USA, where the breeding with a limited number of bulls has been carried out for several decades, which is a consequence of the genetic weakening of the offspring and becomes the main cause of early cows culling. As a result, the number of cows at Russian dairy cattle breeding has decreased by 33.9% for ten years, the productivity at all categories of farms has increased only by 24.2% that led to reduction of milk production by 555 thousand tons. This process has not yet become irreversible, and the restoration of the lost potential at domestic cattle breeding is possible due to development of the breeding base of zoned cattle breeds.

scholarly journals Modeling the spread of Covid-19 under active management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Cherednik
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Phase Solution ◽  
Late Stages

Classical approaches to modeling the spread of epidemics are based on two assumptions: the exponential growth of the total number of infections and the saturation due to the herd immunity. With Covid-19, the growth is essentially power-type, especially during the middle stages, and the saturation is currently mostly due to the protective measures. Focusing on these features and the role of epidemic management, we obtain differential equations for the total number of detected cases of Covid-19, which describe the actual curves in many countries almost with the accuracy of physics laws. The two-phase solution we propose works very well almost for the whole periods of the spread practically in all countries we analyzed that reached the saturation during the first waves. Bessel functions play the key role in our approach. Due to a very small number of parameters, namely, the initial transmission rate and the intensity of the hard and soft measures, we obtain a convincing explanation of the surprising uniformity of the curves of the total numbers of detected infections in many different areas. This theory can serve as a tool for forecasting the epidemic spread and evaluating the efficiency of the protective measures, which is very much needed for epidemics. As its practical application, the computer programs aimed at providing projections for late stages of Covid-19 proved to be remarkably stable in many countries, including Western Europe, the USA and some in Asia. We provide a projection for the saturation of the 3rd wave in the USA: the corresponding number of total, detected or not, cases can presumably reach then the herd immunity levels (G-strains). This can be used to analyze the efficiency of the vaccinations.

scholarly journals The Path of a Lawyer in the Time of Changes

2021 ◽  
pp. 038-058
Author(s):  
V. I. Lafitsky
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Legal Development ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Last Two Millennia ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the scientific literature, the stages of formation and the role of lawyers as custodians of civilization and the highest values of law at different stages of state and legal development are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the content of the era of changes, coming at the turn of the last two millennia. In search of an answer to the question of what consequences can cause the era of changes, the author studies the teachings of Hegel, Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Polybio on the cycles of state and legal development; establishes the factors identifying the first sunrise of the state and law in the Promised Land and the role of judges played in their formation. The author studies the process of formation of law schools in ancient Rome, in Baghdad and Cordoba caliphates, in India, Italy, France, England, some other countries in Western Europe; identifies the features of the development and the tasks of schools of law in the USA, Germany, Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuriesy; points out the tasks of the lawyers in the 21st century in preventing the degradation and decay of the existing forms of state and law.

scholarly journals Multipurpose evaluation of the dairy cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 201 (10) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Kartashova ◽  
Emiliya Firsova
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Complex Evaluation ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Index Estimation

Abstract. The purpose of the investigation was a survey of the modern complex index estimation of dairy cattle in the countries of the European Union and the USA and developing of own principal scheme of multipurpose evaluation of animals due to prior received data of economic useful traits. As a result of the research, significant differences were revealed both between the significance of the groups of traits and between the numbers of evaluated indicators in different countries. This shows the diversity of interests of breeders and farmers. The prior analysis of indicators of economic useful traits of Holstein Kholmogorskiy cattle in the farms of the Murmansk region allowed to determine main directions of animal selection and to develop the algorithm of animal evaluation by complex of economic useful trait indices. The developed algorithm of complex evaluation for dairy cattle includes four evaluation blocks – indices of reproductive ability, longevity, and milk production, and, separately, milk yield. We propose to evaluate reproductive abilities by direct indicators and indirect indicators, for example, take into account exterior traits, and predisposed to abortion and female disorders. The evaluation of longevity includes indices of the exterior, accounted also a predisposition to four main groups of disease – udder disease, female disorders, aborts, lame. The milk productivity evaluation includes traits of the milk quality composition, the property of the lactation curve and characteristics of the udder from the exterior and predispose to udder diseases. In total, it is proposed to calculate the multipurpose evaluation of animals by 23 traits, including all aspects of health and productive features of dairy cattle. The scientific novelty of the research is the use of a mixed model affecting various indicators of productivity and longevity for assessing the main economical useful traits in the developed algorithm. The developed assessment system will allow to comprehensively improve the herd taking into account the current state of dairy cattle breeding in the Murmansk region.

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