scholarly journals Giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris L) seedling emergence and survival in Golden Bay dairy pastures

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.S. Lusk ◽  
S.L. Lamoureaux ◽  
G.W. Bourd?t
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival ◽  
Ranunculus Acris ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris L) is an unpalatable weed in New Zealand dairy pastures and is estimated to cost the dairy industry over 150 million annually in lost milk solids revenue In this study the survival of giant buttercup seedlings was determined by following their fates in permanent plots on eight randomly selected dairy farms in the Takaka Valley from November 2004 to August 2008 Seedling emergence occurred yearround but tended to be higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn Seedling survival was very low with less than 5 of seedlings surviving beyond 12 months Seedlings that germinated in autumn had significantly higher survival at 6 and 12 months (22 and 12 respectively) than seedlings germinating in spring summer and winter (37 and 23 respectively) Good pasture management that prevents overgrazing and pugging in autumn and winter should reduce the autumn flush of seedlings and minimise their survival

Value of chicory crops to pasture-based dairy farms in the Waikato region of New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. ROMERA ◽  
G. J. DOOLE ◽  
E. N. KHAEMBAH
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Increase Milk Production ◽  
Broad Variation ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
To Receive

SUMMARYChicory (Cichorium intybusL.) crops can increase milk production on New Zealand dairy farms through providing high-quality feed in late lactation. Non-linear optimization models of three Waikato dairy farms, differing in the degree to which imported supplement is used, were employed to evaluate chicory crops in this environment. At a baseline milk price of $NZ 7/kg milk solids, it was only profitable for chicory to be used on a farm where no imported supplement was fed. However, even then, only 0·04 of the farm area was planted and profit only increased by $NZ 30/ha (0·006 of baseline profit), relative to where it was not used. It was not optimal to plant any chicory on farms where imported feed was available, at the baseline milk price and cost of establishment considered here. This was evident because imported feed is more flexible than chicory for filling temporary feed gaps; also its use does not displace pasture production. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the unprofitability of chicory is robust to broad variation in calving date and the relative growth of chicory and pasture. Overall, results indicate that farmers are unlikely to receive adequate reward for the additional complexity arising from the utilization of chicory crops, especially when imported supplement provides more flexibility.

Seed-bank and seedling dynamics in Hyparrhenia hirta are influenced by herbicide application and mowing management

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Chejara ◽  
P. Kristiansen ◽  
B. M. Sindel ◽  
R. D. B. Whalley ◽  
C. Nadolny
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Seedling Dynamics ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival

Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf (Coolatai grass) is a summer-active, C4 perennial tussock grass, native to southern Africa and the Mediterranean region, which has invaded areas of native flora in Australia in recent decades. Understanding its seed and seedling dynamics and how various management treatments (e.g. mowing, herbicide and no management) affect these may assist in identifying the conditions and management strategies required to limit its invasion. The population dynamics of H. hirta have not been comprehensively studied previously. A 2-year field experiment (December 2005–December 2007) was conducted to determine the seed-bank size, pattern of seedling emergence and survival of H. hirta seedlings at three sites in northern New South Wales, Australia, under three treatments: unmanaged (control), mowing and herbicide treatments. The density of H. hirta seeds in the soil at each experimental site under different treatments was measured in December 2005 at the start of the experiment, in December 2006 before the application of the second round of treatments and again at the end of the experiment in December 2007. Hyparrhenia hirta seedlings were assessed at monthly intervals in permanent quadrats (0.5 × 0.5 m) to determine seedling emergence and survival. Seedling emergence occurred on many occasions during the 2-year period of the experiment in each treatment and at all sites but the main seedling flushes were observed from mid summer to early autumn. In 2007, at all sites, seedling emergence declined by more than 90% on the mowing and herbicide treatments compared with the control treatment. Seedling survival was greater in the mowing and herbicide treatments than in the control treatment. The seedling cohorts emerging in winter had a lower survival. This study showed that H. hirta infestations have a large viable seed-bank (~3000 m–2), dependent on the level of infestation and climatic conditions, but that the seed-bank declines rapidly when seed addition is prevented. Some form of direct control of established H. hirta plants in combination with providing appropriate grazing management to encourage competition between grasses will assist in the control of H. hirta.

Seedling emergence and survival of Warea carteri (Brassicaceae), an endangered annual herb of the Florida Scrub

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl W. Weekley ◽  
Eric S. Menges ◽  
Pedro F. Quintana-Ascencio
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Florida Scrub ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
Annual Herb ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

Seedling emergence and survival to flowering are critical processes in the life history of annual plants. We evaluated the importance of year and habitat on seedling emergence and the effects of year, habitat, timing of seedling emergence, and seedling density on survival of Warea carteri Small, an annual mustard endemic to Florida scrub. We tagged 1329 seedlings in 78 permanent 0.25 m2 quadrats in two habitats (scrub and disturbed) between 1999 and 2002 and followed seedlings monthly. Most (>80%) seedling emergence occurred between September and December. Emergence peaked 2 months earlier and was more variable in disturbed sites than in scrub. Seedling survival among years ranged from 3.5% to 12.0%. Seedling density varied from 1 to 75 per 0.25 m2 quadrat, with an overall median of 6.0. Survival was not density dependent. Median age at flowering ranged from 11.7 to 15.2 months, with late season recruits most likely to survive to flowering. Warea carteri recruits like a winter annual but flowers like a summer annual. Its delayed germination and a 12–15 month life span contribute to population cycling. Complete reproductive failure in unfavorable years, high seed production in favorable years, low rates of seed germination, and a persistent seed bank are consistent with predictions for an annual species in a variable habitat.

A review of nitrogen losses due to leaching and surface runoff under intensive pasture management in Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy L. Burkitt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pasture Production

This paper reviews the literature on nitrate leaching and nitrogen (N) runoff under intensive dairy pasture systems in Australia and draws comparisons with research undertaken under similar climates and farming systems internationally, with the aim to inform future research in this area. An Australian nitrate-leaching study suggests that annual nitrate-leaching loads are lower (3.7–14.5 kg N ha–1 year–1 for nil N and 6–22 kg N ha–1 year–1 for 200 kg N ha–1 applied) than the range previously measured and modelled on New Zealand dairy farms (~18–110 kg N ha–1 year–1). It is likely that nitrate-leaching rates are higher in New Zealand because of the prevalence of free-draining soils and higher average stocking rates. However, this review highlights that there are insufficient Australian nitrate-leaching data, particularly following urine application, to undertake a rigorous comparison. Median N surpluses on Australian dairy farms are higher (198 kg N ha–1) than values for an average New Zealand farm (135 kg N ha–1). Given the facts that many soils used for intensive pasture production in Australia are lightly textured or free-draining clay loams receiving average rainfall of >800 mm year–1, that herd sizes have risen in the last 10 years and that water quality is a concern in some dairy catchments, nitrate leaching could be an issue for the Australian dairy industry. Australian data on surface runoff of N are more available, despite its overall contribution to N losses being low (generally <5 kg N ha–1 year–1), except under border-check flood irrigation or hump-and-hollow surface drainage (3–23 kg N ha–1 year–1). More research is needed to quantify surface N runoff and leaching following effluent application and to examine dissolved organic forms of N loss, particularly in view of the continued intensification of the Australian dairy industry.

Seasonal variation in milk production and cheese yield from commercial dairy farms located in northern Victoria is associated with pasture and grazing management and supplementary feeding practices

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Walker ◽  
R. Williams ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Milk Solids

A study of irrigated pasture-based commercial dairy farms that made use of split calving (two distinct periods of calving; autumn and spring) was undertaken between April 2001 and March 2002 in northern Victoria, to examine associations between herd nutrition, time of year and season of calving and the production and composition of milk. On average, herds that had access to higher digestibility pasture or were fed more cereal grain-based concentrates produced more milk. However, the average marginal yield of 4% fat corrected milk/kg cereal grain-based concentrates was less than responses achieved under experimental conditions in northern Victoria. Herds that calved in autumn had different production characteristics to those that calved in spring, in that they did not show an early lactation peak in milk yield and produced milk with lower average concentrations of crude protein, casein and fat. Despite this, herds that calved in autumn had greater persistency of milk yield in mid to late lactation, when they tended to be better fed on pasture, so that yields of milk solids over a notional 310-day lactation were similar for both calving groups (523 v. 529 kg fat + protein; autumn v. spring, respectively), but herds that calved in autumn produced milk with a lower potential to yield cheddar cheese (10.2 v. 10.6 kg cheese/100 kg milk; P < 0.01). Farms that produced milk in the lowest quartile for potential to yield cheddar cheese differed from the top quartile in that they: (i) milked fewer cows (175 v. 250); (ii) fed less supplements (5.6 v. 9.4 kg DM/cow.day); (iii) walked their herds shorter distances between pasture and the dairy (2.2 v. 3.2 km/day); (iv) allocated lower herbage allowances (33 v. 43 kg DM/cow.day); and (v) grazed pastures at a mass low enough to have restricted pasture intake (< 3 t DM/ha), about twice the frequency of farms (0.40 v. 0.17) in the top quartile. Greater productivity of the dairy industry in northern Victoria could be achieved through better grazing and pasture management and supplementary feeding practices on farms.

Germination of Piptochaetium Napostaense (Speg.) Hackel and Stipa Tenuis Phil. And Seedling Survival Under Field Conditions.

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Distel ◽  
DV Pelae ◽  
OA Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival ◽  
Neighbouring Plant ◽  
High Level

The objectives of this work were to investigate the germination of Piptochaetium napostaense and Stipa tenuis under laboratory conditions and to evaluate the effects of different plant canopy cover on seedling emergence and survival of the two species in the field. Fresh seeds of both species present a high level of dormancy associated with the lemma and palea, preventing seedling emergence immediately after the seeds fall in NovemberPecember. Seventy per cent of the seedlings of both species emerged in autumn. The germination behavior of these grass species may be an ecological adaptation serving to avoid seedling loss through exposure to the high temperatures and drought occurring during summer in the Calden District. Seedling survival was greater in the grazed, low plant canopy cover site, indicating that a certain degree of disturbance to reduce neighbouring plant interference favours seedling establishment in both species.

Effects of overstory tree density, site preparation and ground vegetation on natural Scots pine seedling emergence and survival in northern boreal pine forests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Johannes Kyrö ◽  
Ville Hallikainen ◽  
Sauli Valkonen ◽  
Mikko Hyppönen ◽  
Pasi Puttonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival

Natural regeneration is commonly used forest regeneration method in Northern Finland. It is not known however, what would be the optimal overstory density and ground vegetation composition for seedling emergence and survival, and if site preparation is needed to accompany overstory density manipulation. We studied the effects of overstory density (unthinned control and thinning to 50, 150 and 250 trees ha-1) and ground vegetation removal (mechanical site preparation with disc trenching) on the number of naturally germinated pine seedlings and survival of individual seedlings during 8-11 years. Bare mineral soil was a superior seedbed compared to intact vegetation cover, even though also mortality rate was high on mineral soil. Greater cover of lingonberry, crowberry and slash had a negative effect on seedling number. Seedling mortality was initially high (60% died during the first two years) but decreased throughout the first five years. The mineral soil in the elevated part of disc trencher track showed twice the survival rate in the bottom part of the track. High coverage of small haired mosses was associated with poorer seedling survival. An overstory density of 50-150 trees ha-1 with site preparation seems to be an efficient treatment to promote regeneration under these circumstances.

scholarly journals Effects of High Soil Surface Temperature on Seedling Survival in Pearl Millet

1993 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Peacock ◽  
P. Soman ◽  
R. Jayachandran ◽  
A. U. Rani ◽  
C. J. Howarth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Moisture Deficit ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

SummaryA field technique to screen pearl millet genotypes for their emergence and survival at high soil surface temperatures is described. Genetic variation in seedling emergence and survival is shown and it is argued that this variation is largely due to tolerance of high temperatures rather than tolerance of soil moisture deficit, although some interaction occurred. An index for ‘thermotolerance’ is defined and genotypes are ranked accordingly for this trait, which is shown to be highly heritable. The technique is repeatable and allows a large number of genotypes to be screened at the same time.

scholarly journals Regeneration responses to water and temperature stress drive recruitment success in hemiepiphytic fig species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huayang Chen ◽  
Nalaka Geekiyanage ◽  
Bin Wen ◽  
Kun-Fang Cao ◽  
Uromi Manage Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Forest Canopies ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival ◽  
Substrate Moisture

Abstract Mechanisms for surviving water and temperature stress in epiphytes are essential adaptations for successful regeneration in forest canopies. Hemiepiphytes start their life cycle as epiphytes, eventually establishing areal root connections to the ground. This strategy allows for greater light capture, while benefitting from minimized risk of fire, flooding, and damage by terrestrial herbivores, but exposes the vulnerable seedling stage to heat and drought stress. However, the response to temperature and water stress during early regeneration in hemiepiphytes is not known. In this study, we tested the effect of temperature (15/5°C, 25/15°C, 35/25°C; day/night diurnal variation) and water availability, as substrate moisture (0.00 MPa, −0.20 MPa, −0.35 MPa) and water vapor (18.5% to 99.5% relative humidity), on seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival in six hemiepiphytic and nine non-hemiepiphytic Ficus species. Under high temperature conditions (35/25°C), hemiepiphytes had higher gemination and seedling survival, achieved peak germination slower and extended germination. Greater water stress (−0.35 MPa) in the growth substrate resulted in higher germination of non-hemiepiphytes; hemiepiphytes, in contrast, took a shorter time to complete germination, but had higher seedling emergence and survival. Hemiepiphytes germinated at 99.5% relative humidity more readily compared to non-hemiepiphytes. These findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that hemiepiphytic Ficus species are better adapted to drier and warmer conditions during the critical transition from seed to seedling. Through greater flexibility in achieving peak germination and duration of regeneration activity, hemiepiphytes modulate their recruitment process to be more resilient under abiotic stressors. This may allow them to be more successful in regenerating in forest canopies under ambient conditions that are transient. These results support previous work showing greater drought tolerance of hemiepiphytic Ficus species in larger size classes, and extend this finding to show that physiological adaptations for drought and heat tolerance start from the early seedling emergence stage.

Automatic Milking Systems: an option to address the labour shortage on New Zealand dairy farms?

2002 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
J.G. Jago ◽  
M.W. Woolford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Labour Shortage ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Automatic Milking Systems

There is a growing shortage of labour within the dairy industry. To address this the industry needs to attract more people and/or reduce the labour requirements on dairy farms. Current milk harvesting techniques contribute to both the labour requirements and the current labour shortage within the industry as the process is labour-intensive and necessitates long and unsociable working hours. Automated milking systems (AMS) have been in operation, albeit on a small scale, on commercial farms in Europe for a decade and may have the potential to address labour issues within the New Zealand dairy industry. A research programme has been established (The Greenfield Project) which aims to determine the feasibility of automated milking under New Zealand dairying conditions. A Fullwoods MERLIN AMS has been installed on a protoype farmlet and is successfully milking a small herd of 41 cows. Progress from the prototype Greenfields system offers considerable potential for implementing AMS in extensive grazing systems. Keywords: automated milking systems, dairy cattle, grazing, labour

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