DIRECTIONS AND SUMMARIZED THE APPLE SELECTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Production Test ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Scab Immunity ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
State Test ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
High Production

Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new apple cultivars that meet high requirements of the up-to-date fruit-growing in the central part of Russia. By the present, 54 apple cultivars with different dates of fruit maturation have been developed at the Institute and included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use. For the first time in Russia and in the world, a series of triploid apple cultivars have been released and included in the State Register. These cultivars are characterized by more regular fruiting by years, high marketable and consumer qualities of fruit and higher autogamy. More than 20 apple cultivars having scab immunity (Vf) have been developed. The first Russian scab immune cultivar Imrus is widely introduced into production. Triploid cultivars released at the Instiute and having immunity to scab deserve special attention. Five columnar apple cultivars Priokskoye, Poezia, Vostorg, Girlianda and Orlovskaya Yesenia have been developed for intensive and super intensive orchards and included in the State Register (zoned). A large interdisciplinary team of the Institute is working to create cultivars that meet high production requirements. The team of scientists includes breeders, biochemists, cytoembryologists, technologists for processing of fruits, physiologists, phytopathologists, agrochemists and staff of other specialties. The Institute is working on the problem of intensification and acceleration of the process, which makes it possible to reduce the period from hybridization to the transfer of the cultivar to the state test and its inclusion in the State Register (zoning). To do this, it is proposed that the originator institutions already lay small production test plots when the cultivar is transferred to the state test. The priority task of the Institute in the coming years is to create triploid columnar cultivars that are immune to scab.

scholarly journals Intensification of the breeding process and acceleration of the introduction of apple cultivars into production

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Sedov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Long Period ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Small Production ◽  
Russian Research

Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new apple cultivars for the middle zone of Russia. 54 zoned apple cultivars of different dates of maturing have been created at the Institute and included in the State Register of breeding achievements. The reasons of a very long period from the beginning of the breeding process (hybridization) to the wide introduction of a cultivar into broad production are considered in this pa-per. Examples of acceleration and intensification of the breeding process are given. If in 1950s at VNIISPK it took 39-49 years (43, on the average) from the hybridization to transfer a cultivar to the State Register, then in 1980s-1990s it took just 18-23 years (21, on the average). The techniques and methods of reducing this period are given in this paper. Often not less period passes from the inclusion of a cultivar in the State Register (zoning) before introduction of a cultivar in wide production. To reduce this period, it is proposed in the original institution to lay plots of small production cultivar testing of 20-30 trees in each of the 3 repetitions (60-90 trees) for each new cultivar and the control cultivar simultaneously with the transfer of a cultivar to the State Register.

VALUABLE DONORS OF DIPLOID GAMETES FOR TRIPLOID APPLE TREE VARIETIES CREATION

1970 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Е. N. Седов ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
The State ◽  
State Testing ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
State Register ◽  
Scab Immunity ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Diploid Gametes

As a result of the long-term research, several of the most promising donors of diploid gametes were selected among apple cultivars and elite seedlings. Among the cultivars, these are Antonovka Ploskaya (2-4-4-4x), Melba tetraploid (4x), Papirovka tetraploid (2-4-4-4x) and Wealthy tetraploid (2-4-4-4x), while among the seedlings these are 13-6-106 (Suvorovetz seedling) (4x) and 30-47-88 (Liberty × 13-6-106) (4x + Vf). New apple cultivars of summer maturation Avgusta, Dariona, Maslovskoye and Osipovskoye have already been released with the participation of Papirovka tetraploid (2-4-4-4x) and included in the State register of breeding achievements admitted for use. New zoned cultivars Alerksandr Boyko, Bezhin Lug, Vavilovskoye and Ministr Kisilev have been released with the participation of Wealthy tetraploid (2-4-4-4x). Triploid apple cultivars Orlovsky Partizan, Patriot and Mars have been released with the participation of 13-6-106 (Suvorovetz seedling) as a donor of diploid gametes. Orlovsky Partizan and Patriot are zoned, while Mars is passing the state testing. 30-47-88 (Liberty × 13-6-106) (4x + Vf) is of particular value as both a donor of diploid gametes and a donor of scab immunity (Vf). Priorities in apple breeding at VNIISPK are the development of the immune to scab (24 scab immune cultivars are zoned) and columnar cultivars (5 cultivars are zoned: Vostorg, Girlianda, Poezia, Priokskoye and Orlovskaya Yesenia). We have already developed triploid apple cultivars that have immunity to scab. It is tempting to create triploid cultivars that are immune to scab and columnar ("three in one"). The creation of such cultivars will allow to provide more regular fruiting in the orchard and fruits of high commodity and consumer qualities (due to triploidy), improve the environmental situation in the orchard and its surroundings (due to immunity to scab), and significantly increase the yield (due to column-shaped varieties). We hope that in the coming years such cultivars will be created, since there are already selected apple seedlings with such a combination of valuable features.

scholarly journals Promising VNIISPK apple cultivars that are on state trials

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Evgeny Nikolevich Sedov ◽  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Yanchuk ◽  
Svetlana Aleksandrovna Korneyeva ◽  
Zoya Mikhailovna Serova
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Interdisciplinary Teams ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Production Test ◽  
State Register ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Large Period ◽  
Apple Cultivars

More than 60 years of experience in creating apple cultivars that meet the high requirements of production, shows that breeders often do not have time to meet the increasing requirements for cultivars. This is due to the intensification of gardening and complication of fruit production technology, which imposes high requirements on breeders. The breeding strategy provides for the presence of more than 20 indicators in a new cultivar (the tree vigorousness, resistance to diseases, precocity, productivity, fruit quality, content of valuable vitamins, high marketability, etc.). In order for new cultivars to meet all the requirements, interdisciplinary teams of researchers are needed. In addition to breeders, researchers of many specialties should be included: geneticists, cytoembryologists, biochemists, physiologists, physiologists, agrotechnicians, etc. At VNIISPK, an average of 19 years is spent from hybridization to the advariant of a cultivar for state trials, and from hybridization to inclusion in the State Register it is spent 28 years. In this regard, it is necessary to reduce in time each stage of cultivar development: from the actual breeding process and primary study to the state trials. In this paper, brief economical and biological characteristics of 12 apple cultivars that are in the state trials and 2 zoned cultivars are given. From 12 to 29 years were spent to create the cultivars. A large period of time must still be spent before their inclusion in the State Register. In this regard, it is desirable to lay the gardens of a small production test of 20-40 trees of a new cultivar in each of the three repetitions together with the standard cultivars.

COMMODITY AND CONSUMER QUALITIES OF FRUITS OF DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID APPLE VARIETIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
Z. М. Serova ◽  
Т. V. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The State ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
State Register ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Russian Research ◽  
Research Institute

Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new valuable apple cultivars to update the assortment. For the last 30 years more than 50 apple cultivars meeting the requirements of modern gardening have been developed at VNIISPK and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. The time of single breeders is a thing of the past, and in connection with the ever-increasing requirements for varieties, researchers of different specialties should work at their creation. A well-coordinated interdisciplinary team of researchers and technicians work in VNIISPK at the development of new apple varieties. In addition to breeders, researchers in physiology, biochemistry, processing of fruits, cytoembryology, genetics and agronomic practice are involved in the work. Along with other areas of selection, apple breeding with polyploidy using was started at the Institute in 1970. To date, 19 triploid apple varieties have been created for the first time in the world at our Institute from intervalent crosses of diploid x tetraploid type. 11 of them are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted for Use (zoned). It has experimentally been confirmed that triploid apple cultivars differ from diploids in higher weight of fruit and their marketability and are not inferior to diploids in the attractiveness of the appearance and taste of the fruit. Apple breeding for immunity to the most harmful scab was started at our institute in 1977, to date, 25 scab immune apple cultivars have been developed and zoned, 9 of them are triploids. The first domestic scab immune Imrus was zoned in Central Russia in 1996. We have shown that diploid and triploid varieties immune to scab are not inferior to non-immune varieties by fruit weight. The first in Russia and world 9 triploid resistant to scab apple varieties are Vavilovskoe, Zhilinskoe, Mars, Prazdnichnoe, Spasskoe, Trener Petrov including have been zoned Aleksandr Boyko, Yablochnyy Spas, Maslovskoe in our opinion should significantly enrich the range of varieties of Russia midland apple. The paper gives a comparative assessment of commodity and consumer qualities of new diploid and triploid fruit varieties of apple selection of All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding.

THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC BREEDING IN IMPROVING THE APPLE ASSORTMENT IN RUSSIA

1970 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Production Test ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The North ◽  
State Register ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Research Institute

Large-scale purposeful work of breeding institutions in Russia has significantly improved and expanded the apple assortment in Russia. Over the past 15 years (2005-2020) alone, more than 70 apple cultivars, including the first triploid and scab immune cultivars in Russia, have been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. During this period 20 apple cultivars were created in VNIISPK, 15 cultivars were created in the Siberian Research Institute and other institutions of Siberia, and 13 apple cultivars were created in the I. V. Michurin Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Plants. 8 apple cultivars each were created and included in the State Register in the All-Russian Breeding and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Nursery Production and the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture and Winemaking, 5 cultivars in Dagestan and 3 cultivars in the Lupin Research Institute. An equally important tasks are facing breeding institutions in the future. It is necessary to reduce significantly the time for the creation of the cultivar and its introduction into production. The experience of VNIISPK shows that it takes an average of 24 years to create competitive apple cultivars with winter fruit ripening and about the same amount for production testing and introduction of cultivars into wide production. This report provides examples of faster creation and introduction of new valuable apple cultivars into production. A significant acceleration of the introduction of valuable new cultivars into wide production can be facilitated by the simultaneous laying of small production test gardens with 100-200 trees of the tested cultivars with controls. Of particular interest are columnar apple cultivars for creating super-intensive amateur and industrial orchards.

scholarly journals Duration of the period for creating apple cultivars and tasks on reducing it

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
E. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. A. Korneyeva
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
State Register ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Scab Immunity ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Apple Cultivars

The greatest period of time was spent on creating a cultivar at the first stage of breeding in our institution, when we did not have proper experience in apple breeding. For example, in the sixties of the last century, cultivars Pepin Orlovsky, Orlovskaya Zarya, Nizkorosloye and Sinap Orlovsky were created, in which the period from hybridization to inclusion in the State Register of Breeding Achievements allowed for use was 48, 45, 43 and 34 years respectively. With the acquisition of breeding experience in selecting the initial parent cultivars and improving the methods of growing seedlings in the breeding orchard (growing hybrid seedlings in the crown of a semi-dwarf or dwarf rootstock or on insert rootstocks) the period was significantly reduced — to 20 years for such cultivars as Yablochny Spas, Aleksander Boyko, Maslovskoye and a number of others. The first immune domestic cultivar Imrus (immune russian) was created and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements allowed for use in just 15 years. It took 16 years to create the Rozhdestvenskoye cultivar. Naturally, on average, much less time was spent on the creation of columnar cultivars due to the earlier entry into flowering and fruiting. Due to the fact that high agricultural technology improves the growth processes of hybrid seedlings in the breeding nursery and in the breeding orchard and reduces their juvenile period, it must necessarily be carried out. This report gives a brief production and biological characteristics of the best apple cultivars of the Institute’s breeding. One of the best cultivars immune to scab is the winter cultivar Imrus (immune russian). The cultivar has a rapid fruitfulness and high yield. Its fruit can be stored in the cold storage until mid-March. Veniaminovskoye and Kandil Orlovsky are also valuable immune cultivars. The fruits of Veniaminovskoye are stored in the refrigerator until the end of February; the cultivar is characterized by the dessert quality of the fruit. The advantages of Kandil Orlovsky are also high rapid fruitfulness and productivity. Triploid Aleksander Boyko is immune to scab and has large size of fruit (220 g) and regular fruiting. Columnar cultivars Priokskoye and Poezia are of great interest. Priokskoye is characterized by scab immunity and high productivity. The fruits are characterized by marketability and high consumer qualities. In the refrigerator, the fruits can be stored until February. It took only 18 years to create this cultivar. The columnar scab-immune cultivar Poezia is characterized by high rapid fruitfulness. Its fruits are stored in the refrigerator until February.

REPLENISHMENT OF AN APPLE TREE ASSORTMENT WITH DEEP WINTER VARIETIES

1970 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
State Testing ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
State Register ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Term Storage

Large-scale and purposeful work on the development of new apple cultivars has been carried out at Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding since 1956. Over a long period of time, 55 apple cultivars of different fruit maturation periods were created and included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned). Apple cultivars with fruits capable of long-term storage in refrigerator are of particular interest. Cultivars fruits of which can store until mid-March or longer include zoned cultivars: Aleksandr Boiko, Den Pobedy, Kulikovskoe, Ministr Kisilev, Sinap Orlovsky, as well as Zhdanovskoe, which is passing state testing. The article provides a brief description of six cultivars and a more complete characteristic of new cultivar Zhdanovskoe. Triploid cultivar Sinap Orlovsky is included in the state register in four regions of Russia, Kulikovskoe – in three regions, Svezhest - in two regions while Aleksandr Boiko, Den Pobedy, Kulikovskoe and Ministr Kisilev are included in the state register only in the Central Chernozem region. Zhdanovskoe, which is passing state testing, is also of interest for industry. Its fruit are stored in the refrigerator till mid-March. Among the listed cultivars there are 5 triploid cultivars, including 2 triploid cultivars that are immune to scab. It is known that triploid cultivars are prone to more regular fruiting over the years and have larger and more marketable fruits, and the introduction of scab-immune cultivars into widespread production improves the environmental situation in the orchard and provides cleaner products. The primary task of breeding institutions and production is to give these cultivars a comprehensive assessment.

RESULTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN BREEDERS OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN CREATION OF NEW GENERATION APPLE TREE

1970 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
L. I. Dutova ◽  
Е. V. Ulianovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The North ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
New Generation

The experience in cooperation of breeders of different institutions in creating cultivars is shown. It is not always when the breeding institution has the necessary initial forms for selection. In this regard, there is a need to conduct separate stages of selection in different breeding institutions. For this purpose, a provision on authorship and continuity in the integrated work of several institutions in fruit breeding has been developed (Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Annex. – Orel, 1995. – pp. 492-498). Breeding work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) and North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking can serve as a positive experience of creating new apple cultivars by two institutions. As a result of the joint work of these two institutions, 22 apple cultivars have been created, of which 9 have already been included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned), including three cultivars for the conditions of the Middle zone of Russia – Aleksandr Boiko, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas and six cultivars for the conditions of the North Caucasus – Vasilisa, Karmen, Margo, Orfey, Soyuz and Talisman. Brief economical and biological characteristics of these cultivars are given in this paper. The obtained practical results indicate that in some cases, when creating modern cultivars that meet the requirements of production, it is necessary to use the knowledge of breeders, the source material and equipment of different breeding institutions, and carry out separate stages of the selection process in different institutions.

scholarly journals Apple breeding process duration and ways of its reduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Sedov ◽  
S. A. Korneyeva ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
Z. M. Serova
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Russian Research

A careful 63-year-old work on apple breeding, resulting in the creation of 54 its varieties, included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use, makes it possible to speak about the ways of reduction in the time of the actual breeding process and the subsequent stages of accelerating the introduction of new varieties into production. According to the experience of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, an average of 19 years is spent from hybridization to the adoption of a variety for State trials, and from hybridization to inclusion in the State Register it is spent 27 years. The requirements for new apple varieties are changing and becoming tougher to a large extent during this period. We off er the possibility of reducing the time to create a new variety by combining in time the actual breeding process and the primary variety study. For this purpose already during the selection and transfer of biannual seedlings to the breeding orchard it is necessary to multiply and include the best seedlings on morphological features with a culture of 5 points (no more than 1 seedling per thousand selected ones) in the primary study. In this case the actual breeding process is combined with the primary study. When transferring the variety to the state trial, it is necessary to lay orchards of a small production testing of 20-40 trees of a new variety in each of the three replications. The time of single breeders is a thing of the past. To create varieties that meet high requirements of production (convenient for cultivation, highly adapted to local conditions, with a certain shape of tree crowns, with the fruits of high commodity and consumer qualities), interdisciplinary teams are needed, which include not only breeders, but also pomologists, geneticists, cytoembryologists, biochemists, physiologists, phytopathologists, and agricultural technicians. Usually years, and sometimes decades are spent on the creation of well-coordinated teams of professionals of diff erent specialties, but only such teams are able to create varieties that meet all main requirements. At Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding such a team consists of 22 people.

The Prospects of genetic resources of horse using in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
I. Suprun
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The State ◽  
High Priority Task ◽  
State Register ◽  
Current State ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Horse Farms

The high-priority task in international and national agricultural programsis to preserve the genetic resources of livestock and develop some ways to use them effectively, because there is a tendency in the world where we can see the reduction of the breed composition of domesticated animal species. Today, horse farms are unprofitable, do not have the funds for expanded reproduction, and accordingly the population of valuable breeds of horses is reduced, the general gene pool is impoverished. The aim of the study was to analyze and highlight the current state of horse breeding in Ukraine, the characteristics of domestic breeds of breeding horses, which are the basis for breeding work, and forecasting their importance in the breed process. To analyze the state of development of horse breeding in Ukraine, the State Register of subjects of breeding in animal husbandry for 2005-2018 and the data of long-term research in the field of horse breeding in Ukraine were used. There were used the methods of system generalization, graphic, analytical and comparative-statistical. The analysis of the state development of horse breeding in Ukraine has been carried out. It was also proved that in the conditions of a long crisis for the last 14 years pedigree horse breeding in Ukraine has undergone a significant decrease in the number of livestock, narrowing of the breed structure and change of ownership. At the beginning of 2019 in Ukraine, according to the State Register of Breeding Entities in Animal Husbandry, there are 38 breeding entities: 18 stud farms, 20 breeding breeders. The largest number of breeding horses is concentrated in the eastern regions of Ukraine: Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Kirovohrad, Zaporizhia. It is established that the leaders in the number of factory breeds of horses are the Ukrainian horse, Orel trotter and purebred horse. During the period from 2005 to 2019, the horse breeding industry in Ukraine suffered significant losses, and the number of breeding horses decreased more than twice. However, over the last year in Poltava, Kyiv, Khmelnytsky regions there have been tendencies to increase the number of breeding horses. Some breeds of horses can be used both in the breeding process and for custom of crossbreeding for sports. Key words: breed, horse farm, breeding breeder, livestock, stallion, mare, foal yield.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document