scholarly journals CHINDIA THE TITANS' CHANGE HAS COME

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Luca DIACONESCU ◽  
◽  
Mirela Elena MAZILU ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
High Dose ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Economy

Indian and Chinese civilizations have economically dominated the world for 15 centuries, when they are overtaken by: Europe, America, Russia, the Arab states, Brazil, Mexico or Japan, shamefully entering a shadow cone that stretched 3-4 centuries. Towards the end of the twentieth century they begin to matter again, and during the twenty-first century it seems that they will replace the European Union and the United States, dividing the planet into two major spheres of influence, avoiding regionalization on religious or civilizational criteria or the multipolar world predicted by some geopolitics, so China will represent the continuity of the planned and agile economy of the USSR, but with a high dose of determination found locally in the Japanese and Koreans, while India will be the 3rd West after the end of world domination by Western Europe and the USA, based on democracy, parliament, federalism and the individual economy but also characteristics specific to the states of the planetary geopolitical south.

scholarly journals Cooperation and Coopetition as a Tools Which Could Improve Leading Startups all over the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Aneta Ejsmont
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good News ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Foreign Sale ◽  
The Moment

Building own business is a long-term and laborious process. A person who leads a startup tries to start with building own business by taking first steps toward financial independence. Analyzing conditions in Poland, on average every second startup sells its services abroad, admittedly it is good news, although half of them do not export at all. Half of the startups which export their services and goods generates more than 50% of their revenues outside Poland. Very interesting is the fact that 60% of exporters have conducted their foreign sale since the moment of establishing their business. On which markets do they sell their services? It turns out that the most popular are markets in the European Union (54%), including the United Kingdom 14% and Germany 9%. Only about 25% of Polish startups exports their products and services to the United States. Taking the United States into consideration, in 2008 the USA lost their leading position in the number of startups which are newly created and achieving success in business. Currently in terms of the number of new startups the USA is on a quite distant place after Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Hungary, New Zealand, Israel or Italy. In short, more companies were closed than created, so it was, as a matter of fact, like in Poland. Therefore, the condition to improve the development of startups both from Poland and other countries all the world is to increase cooperation and coopetition.

Industrialization, Hubs, and Catch-up

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The World ◽  
Catch Up

This chapter analyses the striking changes in the geographical distribution of manufacturing production amongst countries and across continents since 1750, a period that spans more than two-and-a-half centuries, which could be described as the movement of industrial hubs in the world economy over time. Until around 1820, world manufacturing production was concentrated in China and India. The Industrial Revolution, followed by the advent of colonialism, led to deindustrialization in Asia and, by 1880, Britain became the world industrial hub that extended to northwestern Europe. The United States surpassed Britain in 1900, and was the dominant industrial hub in the world until 2000. During 1950 to 2000, the relative, though not absolute, importance of Western Europe diminished, and Japan emerged as a significant industrial hub, while the other new industrial hub, the USSR and Eastern Europe, was short lived. The early twenty-first century, 2000–2017, witnessed a rapid decline of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan as industrial hubs, to be replaced largely by Asia, particularly China. This process of shifting hubs, associated with industrialization in some countries and deindustrialization in other countries in the past, might be associated with premature deindustrialization in yet other countries in the future.

scholarly journals Does Europe Mean Americanization? The Case of Competition

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Djelic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oligopolistic Competition ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rules Of The Game

This paper traces the process whereby competition has come to be valued in our economies. Taking a step back in history, we show how it all started not with competition but with cooperation in fact, in the last decades of the 19th century. Comparing Germany and the USA, we then show how national paths diverged after that. While cooperation remained the accepted and dominant rule in Europe, a particular understanding of competition, what we call oligopolistic competition, came to triumph in the United States. After World War II, this particular understanding was diffused to other parts of the world and particularly to Western Europe. When it comes to competition, we thus show that the basic and formal rules of the game that structure Europe today owe a lot, historically, to American models. However, we ponder in the conclusion on the limits to that process of “soft convergence”.

The Value of Interaction for Russia, the USA and China Facing the Information Warfare

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Vasilyeva Inna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
First Century ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Open Dialogue ◽  
World Information

The rapid development of informatization worldwide, specifically in the USA, China and Russia, and its penetration into all spheres of the vital interests of an individual, society and the state, have caused, besides doubtless advantages, the emergence of a number of significant problems. The urgent necessity to protect the information along with being protected from it has become one of them. The geopolitical confrontation and information warfare between the United States and China will be a major factor in world politics in the twenty-first century. This increasing tendency is pushing Russia towards further increasing the development of information warfare along with ensuring national security; the formation of an open dialogue between civilizations; and resistance to the threat of conflict in the field of information. Exhaustion of natural resources of the planet, their consumption and growth of the population do not contribute to the reduction of information warfare. Therefore, the positions of Russia, the United States and China will be strengthened due to deeper integration into the world information space. This paper has highlighted the quintessence of what causes the great thirst towards reaching information comfort and leadership, along with information warfare terrifying serious threats and modern global geopolitical tendencies.

scholarly journals Small and Medium Entrepreneurship: Ukrainian and World Experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
D.D. Tymoshyk ◽  
L.L. Hrytsenko ◽  
Ya.S. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Medium Enterprises

The article considers the concept of small and medium enterprises in the process of economic thought formation. The task of the work is to determine and analyze the state of small and medium business in Ukraine and abroad. For this, the definitions of foreign and national scholars are outlined and their own understanding of the term is formulated. A comparative and quantitative analysis of enterprises was conducted on the basis of data collected by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, and a positive increase in enterprises for the period 2014-2018 was revealed. In addition, the main approaches to the division of enterprises into types according to different classification criteria due to the Ukrainian economic system and the standards of the European Union, which fundamentally differ from the division system in the United States, are studied. At the same time, the indicators of small and medium-sized enterprises of the USA and European countries are considered, that allows us to say that the largest percentage of the contribution to GDP belongs to the small and medium-sized enterprise sector. The described features of SMEs in comparison with other types of enterprises determine the importance of SMEs as a stable and self-sufficient sector of the economy which requires support from government regulation. The urgency of research on the topic of SMEs is primarily dictated by the need to summarize the previously studied layers of this topic, the emergence of new reforms and Ukraine’s desire to improve the economic system and bring it to the world level. Economic development depends not only on internal policy principles, but also on external factors influencing the state of the world economy. The beginning of 2020 made the leaders of the world community think about the principles of maintaining economic indicators during the trigger caused by the coronavirus pandemic and the collapse of oil prices, and therefore it is natural to implement programs to support small and medium enterprises during the global recession.

scholarly journals Mass and uncontrolled immigration as a threat to the civil, legal and civilizational stability in Western European countries and Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
R. V. Yengibaryan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Economic

Introduction. Following the collapse, or rather self-liquidation, of the Soviet Union-USSR world events began to develop at a kaleidoscopic speed. Europe, Russia and the United States ceased to be central actors in global politics. Huge civilization countries such as China, India and the African continent broke into global politics with ever-increasing power. The united bloc of Islamic countries began to make aggressive claims to the entire world community, and especially to the countries of Christian civilization. And the most important and unexpected thing is that the peoples, nations, communities everywhere began to return to their civilizational, religious and spiritual roots.Materials and methods. Various methods such as comparative law, systemic, logical analysis and other methods were used in writing this article.The results of the study. The attempt to globalize the world by the socio-political criterion “capitalism socialism” failed. The world community, or rather its political, economic and intellectual elite, was given a clear message: ideologies of all kinds communism, fascism, nationalism, socialism eventually undergo transformation, split into sub streams and practically disappear, but the world religions and civilizations remain.Discussion and conclusion. The world globalized spontaneously and naturally, with financial, economic, political and technological dimensions playing the major role. At the same time globalization laid the foundation of new contradictions among countries that enjoy different social, economic levels of development and belong to various civilizations. Moreover, the interests of civilizations living in different time dimensions began to clash, like Islam that lives in 1441 and other countries that have been living in the 21st century for the second decade. The ideology of multiculturalism both in Western Europe and in the USA turned out to be unrealizable in practice, just like the communist ideology that has sunk into oblivion.

scholarly journals EXPERTISE AND REGISTRATION OF ORPHAN MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-35
Author(s):  
A. A. Kuhach ◽  
V. V. Kuhach
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Medicinal Preparations ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The purpose of the study is to analyze examination and registration of orphan medicinal preparations in different countries of the world. Methods of description, comparison, grouping and analysis were used in the study. Great importance of the problem of orphan medicinal preparations manufacture and access to the market associated with a large number of rare diseases (7000-8000), their wide distribution in various regions of the world (up to 8% of the population), high cost of development and difficulty in conducting clinical trials is marked. It is shown that criteria for classifying diseases as orphan ones are their prevalence among the population as well as total number of patients in a particular country. Orphan medicinal preparations are those intended to treat rare diseases; in a number of countries (the USA and the European Union) the criterion for orphan medicinal preparations is its unprofitableness for the manufacturer. In the United States, the European Union and Japan special subdivisions for the registration of orphan medicinal preparations have been established in the structure of regulatory authorities. In order to stimulate the orphan medicinal preparations manufacture in the USA, the European Union, Australia and Japan manufacturers are given financial resources for the development and research, tax privileges, discounts and consultations with the specialists are provided during registration. Restructuring technology is widely used in the development of orphan medicinal preparations in the US and Singapore. It has been established that in order to increase accessibility for the population in different countries various accelerated procedures to give access to orphan medicinal preparations to the market are used. The terms of market exclusivity are stated: in Australia - 5 years, in the USA - 7 years, in Japan and the European Union - 10 years. It is determined that there are lists of orphan diseases (from 41 in the Kyrgyz Republic to 262 in the Russian Federation) and (or) orphan medicinal preparations approved in all the EAEU countries; accelerated registration procedures are provided; import of unregistered orphan medicinal preparations is allowed.

STRATEGIES OF MAIN ACTORS OF WORLD POLICY REGARDING THE MIDDLE EAST AND MODERN SYRIA(ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE USA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION)

2019 ◽  
pp. 316-322
Author(s):  
M. HADDAD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
East Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Middle East Region ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the study of foreign policy strategies of the main actors of the world politics, represented by the USA and the countries of the European Union, regarding the Middle East and the Syrian Arab Republic. The interest in this topic is explained by the particular attractiveness of the Middle East region for the above-mentioned actors, since it has significant economic and transport potential and a favorable geographical position, which opens up opportunities for establishing strong partnership trade and economic ties between the US and the EU on the one hand and Middle Eastern states on the other. At the same time, the Middle East, as a region of increased military-political and social tension, directly influences peace and security situation in the entire world, and because of that the most developed countries of the world seek to establish control over the internal politics in the Middle East and spread their influence on its territory. The author pays great attention to the study of factors that have contributed to the formation of certain US and EU foreign policy courses in respect of the entire Middle East and Syria in particular, and comes to the conclusion that all of them can conditionally be divided into several large groups that equally affect the development process strategies. Their comparison allowed us to establish that in general both the USA and the countries of the European Union have similar perspective goals and objectives, however, they use different methods and forms of implementing their strategies. This explains the difference in the results achieved: while the United States successfully implement their geopolitical aspirations and gradually strengthen their presence in the Middle East, the EU countries are faced with a number of problems that impede their participation in the current regional events. Nevertheless, despite the successes and failures, the importance of the Middle East region for both the United States and the EU is beyond doubt.

9/11 and Armageddon: the Christian Right and George W. Bush

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Göran Gunner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Christian Right ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Mega Church ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Jerry Falwell ◽  
High Degree

Authors from the Christian Right in the USA situate the September 11 attack on New York and Washington within God's intentions to bring America into the divine schedule for the end of the world. This is true of Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, and other leading figures in the ‘Christian Coalition’. This article analyses how Christian fundamentalists assess the roles of the USA, the State of Israel, Islam, Iraq, the European Union and Russia within what they perceive to be the divine plan for the future of the world, especially against the background of ‘9/11’. It argues that the ideas of the Christian Right and of President George W. Bush coalesce to a high degree. Whereas before 9/11 many American mega-church preachers had aspirations to direct political life, after the events of that day the President assumes some of the roles of a mega-religious leader.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

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