scholarly journals Adverse reproductive health effects of exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-144
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
By Products

Chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when water is chlorinated and the organic matter in the water reacts with chlorine to form these by-products. There have been concerns about the potential health effects of these by-products, including cancer and reproductive effects. Here we have reviewed the literature on reproductive health effects. Epidemiological studies on neural tube defects, urinary tract defects and small for gestation age/intra growth retardation have shown the most consistent statistically significant associations with an index of DBPs, but generally the risk estimates are small. The interpretation of the studies is not straight forward because they may not be directly comparable because of differences in DBP mixtures, exposure categories and actually uptake of DBPs due to differences in e.g. ingestion rates, showering, bathing, and swimming. Only few specific DBPs have been studied and THMs have often been used as a marker for other DBPs, since they are often routinely available. Sample sizes, and therefore power, have at times been low, particularly when the population was split into exposure categories. Although most studies considered some confounders, (residual) confounding by other water contaminants or other factors related to water intake, cannot always be excluded. Case ascertainment, for outcomes such as spontaneous abortion and certain congenital anomalies is far from straight forward, and for the latter at times anomalies are lumped together with different aetiology, which may be inappropriate. Furthermore, as with many reproductive epidemiological, if the putative agent affects both early pregnancy loss and later birth outcomes such as congenital anomalies, interpretation of later birth outcomes may be more difficult.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Estrogens in consumer milk: is there a risk to human reproductive health?

2018 ◽  
Vol 179 (6) ◽  
pp. R275-R286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomaž Snoj ◽  
Gregor Majdič
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Intensive Farming

Possible effects of xenoestrogens on human health, in particular on male reproductive health, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Cow's milk was suggested in numerous publications as one of possible sources of xenoestrogens that could affect human health. Although milk has undoubtedly many beneficial health effects and could even have a role in reducing incidence of some cancers, concerns were raised about presumably high levels of estrogens in cow's milk. In intensive farming, concentrations of estrogens in milk are higher due to long milking periods that today extend long into the pregnancy, when concentrations of estrogens in the cow's body rise. Numerous studies examined potential effects of milk on reproductive health and endocrine-related cancers in both experimental studies with laboratory animals, and in human epidemiological studies. In the present review article, we compiled a review of recently published literature about the content of estrogens in cow's milk and potential health effects, in particular on reproductive system, in humans. Although results of published studies are not unequivocal, it seems that there is stronger evidence suggesting that amounts of estrogens in cow's milk are too low to cause health effects in humans.

Study of the potential health effects of disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes) in drinking water: A review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Faizal Ab Jalil ◽  
Ain Nihla Kamarudzaman ◽  
Nasrul Hamidin ◽  
Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Boiling and Filtering Devices on the Concentration of Disinfection By-Products in Tap Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glòria Carrasco-Turigas ◽  
Cristina M. Villanueva ◽  
Fernando Goñi ◽  
Panu Rantakokko ◽  
Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
By Products

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in tap drinking water with the potential to produce adverse health effects. Filtering and boiling tap water can lead to changes in the DBP concentrations and modify the exposure through ingestion. Changes in the concentration of 4 individual trihalomethanes (THM4) (chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)), MX, and bromate were tested when boiling and filtering high bromine-containing tap water from Barcelona. For filtering, we used a pitcher-type filter and a household reverse osmosis filter; for boiling, an electric kettle, a saucepan, and a microwave were used. Samples were taken before and after each treatment to determine the change in the DBP concentration. pH, conductivity, and free/total chlorine were also measured. A large decrease of THM4 (from 48% to 97%) and MX concentrations was observed for all experiments. Bromine-containing trihalomethanes were mostly eliminated when filtering while chloroform when boiling. There was a large decrease in the concentration of bromate with reverse osmosis, but there was a little effect in the other experiments. These findings suggest that the exposure to THM4 and MX through ingestion is reduced when using these household appliances, while the decrease of bromate is device dependent. This needs to be considered in the exposure assessment of the epidemiological studies.

Environmental Risk Assessment: Relation to Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis, and Reproductive Effects

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert S. Omenn
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Analytical Work

Effective and efficient assessment of the potential health effects from environmental chemicals requires well-validated tests to identify the toxicity of the chemical and then extensive scientific and analytical work to characterize the potential risk for humans in light of the relative potency of the chemical in test systems, the nature and routes of exposures for humans, and the differences in susceptibility across species and among human population subgroups. Such risk assessment is being applied increasingly for potential carcinogens and is beginning to be applied to mutagenic and teratogenic chemicals. One of the fertile areas for research is the study of mechanisms that may permit us to predict carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic activity of compounds from tests of each of these classes of end-points.

scholarly journals Methodological, political and legal issues in the assessment of the effects of nanotechnology on human health

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Guseva Canu ◽  
Paul A Schulte ◽  
Michael Riediker ◽  
Liliya Fatkhutdinova ◽  
Enrico Bergamaschi
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) raise questions among the scientific community and public health authorities about their potential risks to human health. Studying a prospective cohort of workers exposed to ENMs would be considered the gold standard for identifying potential health effects of nanotechnology and confirming the ‘no effect’ levels derived from cellular and animal models. However, because only small, cross-sectional studies have been conducted in the past 5 years, questions remain about the health risks of ENMs. This essay addresses the scientific, methodological, political and regulatory issues that make epidemiological research in nanotechnology-exposed communities particularly complex. Scientific challenges include the array of physicochemical parameters and ENM production conditions, the lack of universally accepted definitions of ENMs and nanotechnology workers, and the lack of information about modes of action, target organs and likely dose–response functions of ENMs. Standardisation of data collection and harmonisation of research protocols are needed to eliminate misclassification of exposures and health effects. Forming ENM worker cohorts from a combination of smaller cohorts and overcoming selection bias are also challenges. National or international registries for monitoring the exposures and health of ENM workers would be helpful for epidemiological studies, but the creation of such a registry and ENM worker cohorts will require political support and dedicated funding at the national and international levels. Public authorities and health agencies should consider carrying out an ENM awareness campaign to educate and engage all stakeholders and concerned communities in discussion of such a project.

The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection by-products in drinking water

2009 ◽  
Vol 367 (1904) ◽  
pp. 4043-4076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen ◽  
James Grellier ◽  
Rachel Smith ◽  
Nina Iszatt ◽  
James Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
By Products

This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and describes the potential mechanism of action. There appears to be good epidemiological evidence for a relationship between exposure to DBPs, as measured by trihalomethanes (THMs), in drinking water and bladder cancer, but the evidence for other cancers including colorectal cancer is inconclusive and inconsistent. There appears to be some evidence for an association between exposure to DBPs, specifically THMs, and little for gestational age/intrauterine growth retardation and, to a lesser extent, pre-term delivery, but evidence for relationships with other outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, congenital anomalies and semen quality is inconclusive and inconsistent. Major limitations in exposure assessment, small sample sizes and potential biases may account for the inconclusive and inconsistent results in epidemiological studies. Moreover, most studies have focused on total THMs as the exposure metric, whereas other DBPs appear to be more toxic than the THMs, albeit generally occurring at lower levels in the water. The mechanisms through which DBPs may cause adverse health effects including cancer and adverse reproductive effects have not been well investigated. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of folate metabolism, disruption of the synthesis and/or secretion of placental syncytiotrophoblast-derived chorionic gonadotropin and lowering of testosterone levels, but further work is required in this area.

Self-reported reproductive health of athletic and recreationally active males in Ireland: potential health effects interfering with performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Logue ◽  
Sharon M. Madigan ◽  
Anna Melin ◽  
Sarah-Jane McDonnell ◽  
Eamonn Delahunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Potential Health

Toxicological mechanisms and potential health effects of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pestka
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Potential Health

Produced by the mould genus Fusarium, the type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their acetylated precursors. These mycotoxins often contaminate cereal staples, posing a potential threat to public health that is still incompletely understood. Understanding the mechanistic basis by which these toxins cause toxicity in experimental animal models will improve our ability to predict the specific thresholds for adverse human effects as well as the persistence and reversibility of these effects. Acute exposure to DON and NIV causes emesis in susceptible species such as pigs in a manner similar to that observed for certain bacterial enterotoxins. Chronic exposure to these mycotoxins at low doses causes growth retardation and immunotoxicity whereas much higher doses can interfere with reproduction and development. Pathophysiological events that precede these toxicities include altered neuroendocrine responses, upregulation of proinflammatory gene expression, interference with growth hormone signalling and disruption of gastrointestinal tract permeability. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve deregulation of protein synthesis, aberrant intracellular cell signalling, gene transactivation, mRNA stabilisation and programmed cell death. A fusion of basic and translational research is now needed to validate or refine existing risk assessments and regulatory standards for DON and NIV. From the perspective of human health translation, biomarkers have been identified that potentially make it possible to conduct epidemiological studies relating DON consumption to potential adverse human health effects. Of particular interest will be linkages to growth retardation, gastrointestinal illness and chronic autoimmune diseases. Ultimately, such knowledge can facilitate more precise science-based risk assessment and management strategies that protect consumers without reducing availability of critical food sources.

Modern approaches to the prevention and treatment of alterations in reproductive health in women with somatoform disorders and autonomic homeostasis

2016 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Vl.V. Podolsky ◽  
◽  
V.V. Podolsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Uterine Fibroids ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Artificial Abortion

The objective: the developing of a system of preventive measures and principles of pregravid preparation for women with somatoform disorders and violation of autonomic homeostasis (VAH), in which observed changes in reproductive health (CRH) in the shape of states after undergoing artificial abortion, infertility and uterine fibroids. Patients and methods. Conducted clinical and epidemiological studies in the population of women of fertile age (WFA) allowed identifying for further examination of women with CRH in the form of state after undergoing artificial abortion, infertility and uterine fibroids in women with VAH. Further women were examined, in particular the conducted clinical and instrumental methods of research; determined the state of autonomic homeostasis and psycho emotional health of the biotopes of the organism, immunity; analyzed the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle; performed genetic studies and determined the morphofunctional state of reproductive system. Results. The most frequent complications during pregnancy in women who had CRH in history in the form of abortions, infertility and uterine fibroids and in the background of the PAF, there was a threat of interruption of pregnancy (often in I and II trimester – 56%) and preterm delivery (21%). The study of the catamnesis of further reproductive health found that in the case of well-conducted therapeutic measures in women undergoing artificial abortion, had infertility and uterine leiomyoma in the background of VAH, restore reproductive function, and in 82% of cases occurred a pregnancy. Conclusion. The the provided study of reproductive health, and state of various organs and systems of fertile aged women with somatoform disorders and violations of the autonomic homeostasis allowed to develop preventive measures for these women and pregravid preparation with the inclusion to the therapy Magnesium and vitamins (Magne-В6®). Key words: somatoform disorders, violation of autonomic homeostasis, changes in reproductive health, prevention and treatment, women of fertile age, Magne-В6®.

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